ट्राइकोडर्मा: टिकाऊ कृषि के लिए पर्यावरण के अनुकूल कवक

The novel technologies in all areas of agriculture have improved agricultural production, but some modern practices affect the environment. The recent challenge faced by advanced farming is to achieve higher yields in environment-friendly manner. Thus, there is an immediate need to find eco-friendly solutions such as wider application of biocontrol agents.

Among various types of species being used as biocontrol agents, including fungi and bacteria, fungal genus Trichoderma produces different kinds of enzymes which play a major role in biocontrol activity like degradation of cell wall, tolerance to biotic or abiotic stresses, hyphal growth etc. Many research has proved that the bio agents bring the disease suppression with no environmental hazards.

Fungi in genus Trichoderma sp. have been known since 1920s for their capability to function as biocontrol agents (BCA) against plant pathogens. Trichoderma fungus are known not only for the control of plant disease but also for their capability to enhance plant growth and development, elevated reproductive ability, capacity to modify the rhizosphere.

Trichoderma is capable to grow under adverse conditions, competence in the use of nutrients, strong aggressiveness against phytopathogenic fungi and efficacy in supporting plant growth and enhanced defense mechanisms.

Trichoderma can work as biocontrol agents in several ways :-

1. It may grow faster or use its food source more efficiently than the pathogen, thereby crowding out the pathogen and taking over, known as nutrient competition.
2. A biocontrol agent may excrete a compound that slows down or completely inhibit the growth of pathogens in the surrounding area of such a compound called antibiosis.
3. It may feed on or in a pathogenic species directly known as parasitism.
4. It may promote a plant to produce a chemical that protects it from the pathogen, which is induced resistance.
5. They can grow in an endophytic way in other species and supports plant growth.

Mass multiplication of Trichoderma:-

For successful use of Trichoderma biological agent, including the production, formulation and delivery system of antagonists play an important role. Firstly for the mass production of bioagent Take 200g of Rice/ Wheat/ Jower/ Maize in the poly pack and add 200 ml of fresh water in the pack. Place the plastic pipe/ Bamboo in the middle of the plastic pack in such a way that level of the pipe and plastic remain equal.

Tie it with the help of rubber band. Plug the opening end of the pipe tightly with the help of the cotton. Cover the cotton plug with a paper using rubber band. Place the thick paper inside the pressure cooker surrounding the cooker wall. Place the stone/wood in the cooker and add water into the cooker just below the stone/wood. Place the plastic pack inside the cooker and put it on heating system.

Wait until 3 times gas release from the cooker (3 whistles). Remove the packet from the cooker until totally cool down. Take mother culture (Talc based) by using opposite end of the spoon and pour it in to the plastic pack, removing cotton plug in front of candle. Plug it again and keep the plastic pack in room temperature for 10-12 days. The entire grain based medium will turn green due to sporulation of Trichoderma.

Precautions:-

1.    Do not open the cotton plug until use.

2.    Keep it in a cold place (refrigerator preferably after sporulation)

3.    Avoid direct sunlight until use

Trichoderma is bio-fungicide as well as biofertrilizer available in various formulations powder (Talk), Alginate prills and liquid form in the market. These available formulations are used in integrated disease management of the crops and also for seed treatment, as manure and bio-fertilizers.

Potential applications in modern agriculture and sustainable environment :-

1. Trichoderma is prepared in both liquid and powder form. Most of the powder products are widely used in soil application and Liquid formulation can be used through drip irrigation. For transplanting seedlings from seedbed to the field, the roots should be immersed in the solution of Trichoderma viride.
2. For the seed treatment of 1 Kg of seeds, 5 grams of Trichoderma powder is used.
3. In the preparation of nursery-raised beds 10 to 15 g of Trichoderma Powder should be used per sq. meter area. While using vermicompost, mix Trichoderma powder in it.
4. Trichoderma growth in soil depends on moisture availability. More the moisture, better the growth. If the soil (pH) is between 6.5 to 7.5, then the result of Trichoderma bio fertilizer is very good.
5. Trichoderma Powder can be used before sowing in the field for the control of diseases like white rot, Bulb rot in the onion crop. Add 2 kg of Trichoderma powder to the field along with 100 kg of farmyard manure for effective yield of onion.
6. In the nursery, Trichoderma helps with the control of wilt disease in all vegetable crops. After transplanting the vegetables in the field, drenching should be done to control wilting and damping off disease.

 To ensure the effectiveness of Trichoderma, any chemical fungicide should not be used 15 days before or after the application. Spraying of Trichoderma is also beneficial for the enhance of plant growth. However, it is necessary to have a favorable environment in the field for fungal growth

Significant source of sustainable environment

 Thus the Trichoderma spp. possess many qualities and they have great potential use in agriculture such as amend abiotic stresses, improving physiological response to stresses, alleviating uptake of nutrients in plants, enhancing nitrogen-use efficiency in different crops and assisting to improve photosynthetic efficiency. The use of this genus has expanded worldwide as general plant protectants and growth enhancers, besides their application in a variety of industrial processes.

Authors:

Sushila choudhary*, Ramniwas Yadav, Rajpal Yadav and Sumitra

Ph.D (Scholar) Plant Pathology, RARI, Durgapura, Jaipur.

Shri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Jaipur

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