कृषि में कार्बन नैनोट्यूब के साथ इन विट्रो दृष्टिकोण

Nanotechnology, like tissue engineering, is built on assembling essential elements to create more complex structures. The process of creating structures and systems with new properties by using materials with at least one physical dimension between 1 and 100 nm is known as nanotechnology.

Carbon nanotubes are vital in plant biotechnology because they affect the growth and differentiation of cells, tissues, organs, and entire plants. Carbon nanotubes can also be used to strengthen the structure of scaffolds and give them new properties, such as electrical conductivity, which may help direct cell growth.

Carbon nanotubes may be a key biomaterial for making and keeping track of engineered tissue. They have various electronic, thermal, and structural properties that can be described by their diameter, length, chirality, or twist. Carbon nanotubes can be used in four ways that are important for tissue engineering:

• Tracking and labelling cells.
• Detecting how cells behave.
• Changing how cells behave.
• Improving tissue matrices.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a versatile allotrope form of carbon with a cylindrical, long, tubular structure of rolled-up graphene sheets. CNTs can have a variety of structures based on their length, thickness, and number of layers. CNTs have become prominent due to their unparalleled mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical capabilities.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanostructured carbon allotropes having a cylindrical shape. It comes in various shapes and sizes, including 3-dimensional fullerenes, 2-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 1-dimensional graphene and related materials, etc.

They have inspired unprecedented fervour ever since Iijima discovered them in 1991. CNTs are graphene sheets folded over themselves to create (concentric) cylinders with nanometric diameters. CNTs are classified into three types:

• single wall CNTs (SWCNTs), 
• double-wall CNTs (DWCNTs) with two concentric tubes, 
• multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs) with more than two concentric tubes. 

SWCNTs have a diameter of a few nanometers, while MWCNTs have a diameter of several tens of nanometers. CNTs have extraordinary optical, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and chemical characteristics. SWCNTs can transport DNA and small dye molecules into the intact plant cell.

Compared to free molecules, biomolecules are more biostable when coupled to CNTs because they are protected from cellular metabolism and destruction. CNTs are capable of penetrating seed coats and promoting germination and plant growth. It can be functionalized with proteins, nucleic acids, and medicines to transport cargo to cells and organs. These reduce cell adhesion and hindered cell proliferation.

CNTs also produced hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane, oxidative stress, cell aggregation, and death. The mechanisms underpinning CNT–cell interactions may be contingent on several CNT-related characteristics, such as size. CNTs can regulate different biological functions in seed germination and early seedling performance. Elicitation is one of the most efficient methods for enhancing SM output.

Elicitors are chemicals that excite plant defence mechanisms and stimulate the production of target molecules in cultured cells by cellular proliferation, differentiation phenomena, and pro- ductions of valuable pharmaceutical secondary metabolites. Hence, CNTs may be a promising contender for use as highly potent elicitors in plant tissue culture, consequently changing plant growth and primary and secondary metabolism and protecting plants from stress.

After uptake and penetration of MWCNTs by cells, they trigger ROS generation, which stimulates oxidative stress responses via the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as the production of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as carotenoids, proline, glutathione, and ascorbic acid.

In addition, CNTs may influence biochemical and physiological features via alterations in photosynthesis, water uptake, the upregulation of stress-responsive genes, and the activation of plant defences. Because of their distinct physiochemical properties, it has been demonstrated that nano-based products can interact with various biological systems and operate as epigenetic factors.

Due to the functions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), these nano-products have attracted considerable interest. In addition, chemical modification and functionalization of CNTs with carboxylic acid, amine, or other groups are regarded as one of the most important elements influencing their solubility, dispensability, reactivity and bio-system reactions.

Application of CNT in tissue culture

Carbon nanotubes can also be inserted into scaffolds to provide structural reinforcement while also imparting unique features such as electrical conductivity into the scaffolds, which may aid with cell development direction. Chemically functionalizing the surface of carbon nanotubes may reduce their potential harmful effects.

Overall, carbon nanotubes may play an integral role as unique biomaterial for creating and monitoring engineered tissue. The impact of CNTs on tissue culture was the subject of a large number of experiments as it effects the influence on physiological, biochemical, and metabolic processes through altering seed germination rate, length of root and shoot, biomass accumulation, and activated cell division. Many studies have found that carbon nanoparticles have a favourable effect on plant growth.

Conclusion

Nanotechnology advancements have created novel possibilities for the use of nanoparticles in agriculture and biotechnology, particularly for plant growth and production.  Carbon nanotubes can stimulate plant growth and in vitro culture by aiding in the organisation of indicator genes during cell divisions, as well as in cell wall production and water transport.

MWCNts have the potential to increase water uptake and accelerate plant development. CNTs are also believed to speed up the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The use of nanoparticles CNTs in micropropagation culture media indicated that they promote roots, callus proliferation, shoot multiplication, and somatic embryogenesis via gene expression, promoting antioxidant enzyme activity, and inhibiting ROS and ethylene generation.

The interaction effects of different CNTs combinations and concentrations in different media on callus induction, roots, and shoot regeneration are within a study route to shed insight on the mechanisms behind the involvement of nanoparticles in tissue cultures of various species.

It should be highlighted, that CNTs at low concentrations have beneficial physiological impacts on development during the in vitro multiplication stage. Furthermore, CNTs have implications for improving crop output by enhancing efficiency during micropropagation.

Reference

Chetia, I., Chaliha, A. K., Gogoi, M. B., & Verma, G. (2020). Establishment of Efficient In-vitro Regeneration Protocol in ‘Malbhog’Banana (Musa paradisiaca) using MWCNTs and Plant Growth Regulators. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 9(8), 2930-2937.

Flores, D., Chacón, R., Alvarado, L., Schmidt, A., Alvarado, C., & Chaves, J. (2014). Effect of using two different types of carbon nanotubes for blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos) in vitro plant rooting, growth and histology. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5(24), 3510.

Ghasempour, M., Iranbakhsh, A., Ebadi, M., & Oraghi Ardebili, Z. (2019). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes improved growth, anatomy, physiology, secondary metabolism, and callus performance in Catharanthus roseus: an in vitro study. 3 Biotech, 9(11), 404.

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Samadi, S., Saharkhiz, M. J., Azizi, M., Samiei, L., & Ghorbanpour, M. (2020). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes stimulate growth, redox reactions and biosynthesis of antioxidant metabolites in Thymus daenensis celak. in vitro. Chemosphere, 249, 126069.

Samadi, S., Saharkhiz, M. J., Azizi, M., Samiei, L., Karami, A., & Ghorbanpour, M. (2021). Single-wall carbon nano tubes (SWCNTs) penetrate Thymus daenensis Celak. plant cells and increase secondary metabolite accumulation in vitro. Industrial Crops and Products, 165, 113424.

Sorcia-Morales, M., Gómez-Merino, F. C., Sánchez-Segura, L., Spinoso-Castillo, J. L., & Bello-Bello, J. J. (2021). Multi-walled carbon nanotubes improved development during in vitro multiplication of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in a semi-automated bioreactor. Plants, 10(10), 2015.

Authors

Kumari Nandita¹, Priyanka Kumari¹, Roopendra Kumar¹ and Ankit Kumar Pandey*¹

¹Department of Horticulture (Fruit & Fruit Technology)

Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 813 210

*E-mail ID: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.