एकीकृत पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन दृष्टिकोण मिट्टी की उत्पादकता और स्थिरता को प्रभावित करता है।
Integrated Nutrient Management approach to the management of plant nutrients for maintaining and enhancing soil, Soil fertility maintenance requires a balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources. Sustainable agricultural productivity might be achieved through a wise use of integrated nutrient management. Integrated use of organic and inorganic source of plant nutrients on growth and yield attributes is very crucial for assurance of food security.
The integrated plant nutrient supply/ management is important approach for maintenance or adjustment of soil fertility and plant nutrient supply to an optimum level for sustainable crop productivity. It includes optimization benefit from all possible sources of plant nutrients in an integrated manner such as maintain or enhance soil productivity through a balanced use of fertilizers combined with organic and biological sources of plant nutrients and also to reduce inorganic (fertilizer) input cost.
Organic sources such as FYM, bio compost, vermicompost, nadepcompost, green manures, crop residues and industrial wastes have been used in various cropping systems. Soil as a source of nutrients, must be protected from all kinds of external factors, especially from the addition of fertilizers in excessive rates.
Any degradation in the quality of soil can significantly produce many undesirable changes in the environment and also reduces the overall crop yield. The amount and availability of nutrients in organic materials vary widely, which makes interpretation of the value of nutrients supplied.
Integrated nutrient management is a judicious use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients for sustaining and maintaining soil productivity. Imbalance fertilization has key role to play in obtaining low productivity, so in order to achieve optimum crop productivity management of nutrients through judicious application of organic sources, bio-fertilizers and micro-nutrients are required.
Furthermore, the fertilizer management is one of the most important factors that influence the growth and yield of maize crop. The use of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with organic manures like compost, farm yard manure, vermicompost, green manures, fortified micro-nutrients fertilizers, bio-fertilizers (e.g. phosphate solubilizing bacteria, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, and Potash mobilizing bio-fertilizers) that can supplement a part of NPK fertilizers..
Therefore, there is a need to improve nutrient supply system in terms of integrated nutrient management involving the use of chemical fertilizers in conjunction with organic manures coupled with input through biological processes. However, the role of major nutrients on crop physiology and the effect of these nutrients on growth, quality, yield and yield components of cereal crops.
Above all, the role of balanced fertilizer is the application of essential plant nutrients in light proportion and in optimum quantity for a specific soil crop condition in alleviating the yield, quality and its attributes. Appropriate and conjunctive use of application of suitable nutrients through organic and inorganic solely or in combination can provide the solutions to the problems such as increase in the price of inorganic fertilizers and deterioration effect of soil fertility and productivity. Hence, judicious application of these combinations can sustain the soil fertility and productivity.
Integrated use of nutrient is very essential approach, which not only sustains high crop production over the years but also improves soil health and ensures safer environment.
Biofertilizers can prove to be an effective low cost technology for the farmers. Thus, there is a need to improve the nutrient supply systems in terms of integrated nutrient management involving the use of fertilizers in conjunction with organic manures and fertilizers. Integrated nutrient management is the only possible approach in enhancing the soil productivity through a balanced use of mineral fertilizers combined with organic and biological sources of plant nutrients.
It plays a vital role in improving the stock of plant nutrients in soil by increasing the efficiency of plant nutrients, thus limiting losses to the environment. It optimizes the function of the soil biosphere and ultimately sustaining the physical, chemical and biological functioning of soil etc.
Integrated nutrient management is balanced and judicious use of manures and chemical fertilizers is known to have a promising effect in arresting the decline in productivity through correction of marginal nutrient deficiencies and their positive influence on the physical and biological soil properties. This system can bring about equilibrium between degenerative and restorative activities in the soil environment.
Micronutrients have a promising effect on the growth and development of the crop plants. Use of micronutrients improves the quality and quantity of the agricultural produce. Approximately 70- 80 % of the nitrogen, 60-85 % of the phosphorus and 80- 90 % of the potassium in feeds is excreted in the manure. He further added that manure contains all the plant nutrients needed for crop growth including trace elements.
The availability or efficiency of manure utilization by a crop is determined by the method of application, time to incorporation and the rate of manure decomposition by microorganisms in soil. A long term imbalanced use of fertilizers like NPK and some micronutrients is adversely affecting the sustainability of agricultural production eventually causing environmental pollution.
Soils which receive plant nutrients only through chemical fertilizers are showing declining productivity despite being supplied with sufficient nutrients. This can be attributed to the appearance of deficiency in secondary and micronutrients. The physical condition of the soil is deteriorated as a result of long-term use of chemical fertilizers. It also aggravates the problem of poor fertilizer nutrient use efficiency (NUE).
Effect on growth and yield attributes:
Organic and inorganic sources of plant nutrients plays a pivotal role in growth parameters and yield attributes. The plant height and number of tillers per plant was observed with (120: 60: 40: 25 NPK Zn kg ha-1 , 10 t ha-1 FYM). Integrated nutrient management (INM) treatments might be due to addition of nitrogen as well as other nutrients and growth promoting substances through organic manure.
Dry matter accumulation, number of effective tillers, grains spike-1 and the test weight increased with the integrated use of fertilizers with vermicompost and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Addition of vermicompost with or without PSB together with different fertilizer levels produced higher grain and biological yields than the application of fertilizers alone.
Injudicious fertilization has key role to play of major nutrients on crop physiology and the effect of these nutrients on growth, quality, yield and yield components. Application of FYM improving soil physical, chemical and biological properties and had synergistic relationship with N, P, thereby helping in mineralization of applied N and P helped in increasing the growth and mean while grain yield.
Organic and inorganic sources of nutrients combinations with application of 25 % RDF (30: 15: 15, NPK, kg ha-1), biofertilizers (Azotobacter+ PSB), green manuring of sunnhemp and compost resulted maximum total plant dry matter accumulation and to increase the productivity of crops.
Highest plant height and number of leaves per plant observed under application of 75 % N from urea + 25 % N from poultry manure which was at par with 100 % N from urea in maize. Application of 150: 75: 00 NPK kg ha-1 + FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + Azotobacter+ PSB + Sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1ha (gypsum) produced a beneficial effect.
The combined effect of organic manure (FYM), biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers with sulphur in balanced proportion played a very vital role in decomposition and easy release of different nutrients and their uptake by the crop which led to higher dry matter accumulation and its translocation in different plant parts of growth and yield parameters.
Farm yard manure helps to increase the dry matter production, yield and nutrient uptake by wheat. The combination of organic and inorganic N sources resulted in comparable rice yield to the application of inorganic nitrogen alone. Application of phosphate solubilizing micro-organism (PSM) in combination with phosphorus fertilizer and organic manure significantly improved grain and biological yield of wheat.
The yield increase may be due to addition of individual FYM, sulphur or boron with 100 % NPK (150; 60: 60 NPK), influenced plant growth compared to sole NPK source. Increase grain and straw yield due to integrated use of FYM, sulphur and boron with 75 % NPK may be due to synergistic effect of all inputs when combined together with 75% NPK.
Balanced fertilizer is the application of essential plant nutrients in light proportion and in optimum quantity for a specific soil crop condition in alleviating the yield, quality and its attributes.
Effect on nutrient composition, nutrient uptake and soil status:
Nutrient management is plays a vital role in enhancing the soil productivity through judicious balanced use of inorganic fertilizers combined with organic and biological sources of plant nutrients. It is improving the plant nutrients status in soil by increasing the efficiency of plant nutrients, thus limiting losses to the environment.
It optimizes the function of the soil biosphere and ultimately sustaining the physical, chemical and biological functioning of soil etc. Application of vermicompost + PSB along with fertilizer levels increased the available nitrogen, phosphorus and potash status of the soil.
Addition of organic manure (l0 t ha-1 FYM) with fertilizer levels increased the nutrient uptake by wheat, improved the organic carbon content N, P and K status as compared to chemical fertilizer alone. The increase in nitrogen, phosphorus and potash status of the soil is due to the application of vermicompost and PSB which enhances the activity of some microbial populations.
Use of green manure crop (Erythrina bruice) either its biomass alone or in combination with mineral fertilizer is found to increase soil productivity. Erythrina bruice is a nitrogen fixing plant, which fix’s the nitrogen through its leaves; this is a fast growing nutrient rich plant particularly high with nutrient contents on NPK. An integrated use of chemical and organic fertilizer has proved to be highly beneficial for sustainable crop production.
It is commonly believed that the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer will increase synchrony, enhancing the efficiency of the fertilizers, and reduce losses by converting inorganic nitrogen (N) into organic forms but also reducing environmental problems that may arise from their use. Thus, the study reflects those integrated use of chemical fertilizers, organic manures including green manure and recycling of crop residues, assume greater significance of improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers in soil.
Appropriate and conjunctive use of application of suitable nutrients through organic and inorganic solely or in combination can provide the solutions to the problems such as increase in the price of inorganic fertilizers and deterioration effect of soil fertility and productivity. Hence, judicious application of these combinations can sustain the soil fertility and productivity.
Integrated use of nutrient is very essential approach, which not only sustains high crop production over the years but also improves soil health and ensures safer environment. An application of 120 kg N ha-1 + 1.5 t ha-1 vermicompost resulted in higher nutrient content and uptake compared with 80 kg N ha-1+ 1.5 t ha-1 vermicompost in maize.
Nutrients combinations with application of bio compost @ 5 t ha-1 with 75 % N and P through fertilizer (100 % RDF 120: 60: 60 NPK kg ha-1) recorded higher available organic carbon and N in soil after crop harvest . Organic carbon, available N, P2O5 and K2O content in soil were recorded with application of 25 % RDF (30: 15: 15 NPK kg ha-1) + biofertilizers (Azotobacter + PSB) + green manuring with sunnhemp + compost.. Organic carbon content, N and P status of soil improved with application of vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 with 100 % RDF (90: 40 NP kg ha-1.
Soil organic matter imparts desirable physical environments to soils by favourably affected soil structure expressed through soil porosity, aggregation, bulk density and soil water storage. Animal manure supplies all the macronutrients as well as micronutrients necessary for plant growth, hence it acts as a diverse fertilizer. Its fertilizing effect on crops can be compared to that of mineral fertilizers.
Therefore, application of farm yard manure is synergistic to mineral fertilizers for various nutrients. This illustrates that nutrients from farmyard manure can be substituted for mineral fertilizers and this also improves soil environment. The porosity, CEC, organic carbon, available N, P2O5 and Zn in soil recorded highest with the application of RDF (120: 60: 40 NPK kg ha-1) + FYM 10 t ha-1. Use of inorganic fertilizers in combination with FYM / green manure (GM) /crop residue (CR) plays an important role in improving the damaged soil structure by reducing bulk density and increasing infiltration rate and the mean weight diameter of the aggregates.
Besides, there is plenty evidence that application of organic fertilizer also enhances the effectiveness of commercial fertilizer through favorable soil microbial activity and augmentation of organic soil colloids (humus) that possess large nutrient retaining surface area. The country in general is rich in live stock and lot of biomass that can be used as compost these integrated fertility management would help to change the existing situation.
Addition of organic nutrient source might have created environment conducive for formation of humic acid, stimulated the activity of soil microorganism resulted in an increase in the organic carbon content of the soil.
Integrated nutrient management is balanced and judicious use of manures and chemical fertilizers is known to have a promising effect in arresting the decline in productivity through correction of marginal nutrient deficiencies and their positive influence on the physical and biological soil properties.
This system can bring about equilibrium between degenerative and restorative activities in the soil environment . Micronutrients have a promising effect on the growth and development of the crop plants. Use of micronutrients improves the quantity of the agricultural produce.
The integrated use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures including green manure and biological sources of plant nutrients, assume greater significance of improving efficiency of chemical fertilizers in soils by increasing the efficiency of plant nutrient.
Soil as a source of nutrients, must be protected from all kinds of external factors, especially from the addition of fertilizers in excessive price. Integrated ways of nutrient management is judicious approach for maintaining the soil fertility, soil health and sustaining the environment.
Any degradation in the quality of soil can significantly produce many undesirable changes in the environment and also reduces the overall crop yield. The amount and availability of nutrients in organic materials vary widely, which makes interpretation of the value of nutrients supplied.
Authors
S.P. Singh and Chanchala Rani Patel
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Raigarh-496001 (C.G.),
Indira Gandhi Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G.), India
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