मशरूम की खेती का पूरा मार्गदर्शन- एक लाभदायक कृषि व्यवसाय
Activities like mushroom cultivation, bamboo production, agro-forestry, vermicomposting and agro-processing are being promoted to generate additional jobs and income for farm families. Now days Mushroom farming is one of the most profitable agri-business that you can start with a low investment and space.
Mushroom cultivation is done on agricultural wastes in less area which is an attractive proposition for income generation which is leading to solution to malnutrition, pollution abatement and diversification of agriculture. Mushroom cultivation in India is growing gradually as an alternative source of income for many people in our country, have a good scope for export.
Mushrooms are the fruiting bodies of macro fungi. Human body needs protein, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins. In India, Uttar Pradesh is the top producer of mushrooms followed by Tripura, Rajasthan & Kerala. In this article we will describe the complete cultivations method of oyster mushroom, button mushroom and paddy straw mushroom.
Types of Mushrooms
The mushroom industry can be divided into three main categories: edible mushrooms, medicinal mushroom products, and wild mushrooms. The button (Agaricus bisporus), oyster (Pleurotus spp.), milky (Calocybe indica) and paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) are the three major types of used for commonly cultivated throughout India.
Paddy straw mushrooms can grow in temperatures ranging from 35 – 40 Degree Celcius. Oyster mushrooms on the other hand are grown in the northern plains while button mushrooms grow during the winter season. All these mushrooms of commercial importance are grown by different methods and techniques. Mushrooms are grown in special beds known as compost beds.
Cultivation of Button Mushroom
Making Compost
The first step to grow mushrooms is composting that is done in the open. Compost yard for button mushroom farming is prepared on clean, raised platforms made of concrete. They should be raised so that the excess water does not get collected at the heap.
Though the composting is done in the open, they should be covered to protect from rain water. Compost prepared is of 2 types - natural & synthetic compost. The compost is made in trays of dimensions 100 X 50 X 15 cm.
Synthetic Compost for Mushroom Farming
The elements for synthetic compost include wheat straw, bran, urea, calcium ammonium nitrate / ammonium sulphate and gypsum. The straw should be cut to 8 to 20 cm. in length. It is then spread equally to form a thin layer on the composting yard.
After this it is soaked thoroughly by sprinkling water. The next step is to blend all other ingredients like urea, bran, gypsum, calcium nitrate with the wet straw & mound them into a pile.
Natural Compost
Here the ingredients required are horse dung, poultry manure, wheat straw and gypsum. Wheat straw must be sliced finely. Horse dung should not be mixed with that of other animals. It must be freshly collected & not exposed to rain.
After the ingredients are mixed, they are uniformly spread on the composting yard. Water is sprayed on the surface to wet the straws. It is heaped & turned like that for synthetic manure.
Due to fermentation, the temperature of the heap goes up and it gives a smell because of ammonia escaping. This is a sign that the compost has opened. The heap is turned every three days and sprinkled with water.
Filling the Compost in Trays
The prepared compost is dark brown in color. When you fill the compost into trays, it should be neither too wet nor too dry. If the compost is dry then spray a few drops of water. If too damp, then let some water to evaporate.
The size of the trays for spreading the compost could be as per your convenience. But, it must be 15 to 18 cm deep. Also make sure that the trays are made of soft wood. The trays must be filled with compost to the edge and levelled on the surface.
Spawning
Spawning is basically the process of sowing the mushroom mycelium into the beds. The spawns can be obtained from certified national laboratories at nominal price. Spawning can be done in 2 ways - by scattering the compost on the bed surface in the tray or else mixing the grain spawn with compost before filling the trays.
After spawning cover the trays with old newspapers. The sheet is then sprinkled with little water to maintain moisture & humidity. There must be a head space of at least 1 meter between the top tray and the ceiling.
Casing
Casing soil is made by mixing finely crushed and sieved, rotten cow dung with the garden soil. The pH should be on the alkaline side. Once ready, the casing soil has to be sterilized to kill the pests, nematodes, insects & other molds. Sterilization can be done by treating it with formalin solution or by steaming.
After the casing soil is spread on the compost the temperature is maintained at 25⁰C for 72 hours & then lowered to 18⁰C. Remember that casing stage requires a lot of fresh air. Therefore the room must have sufficient ventilation facilities during the casing stage.
Cropping
After 15 to 20 days of casing, the pinheads start becoming noticeable. White colored, small-sized buttons start developing within 5 to 6 days of this stage. Mushrooms are ready for harvesting when the caps are placed tight on the short stem.
Harvesting
During harvesting, the cap should be twisted off gently. For this, you need to hold it gently with the forefingers, press against the soil & then twist off. The base of the stalk in which mycelial threads & soil particles cling should be chopped off.
Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom
Oyster Mushroom is grown where the climatic conditions are not good for the button mushrooms. It is the simplest to grow & most delicious to eat. Being very low in fat content it is usually suggested for controlling obesity & also to patients suffering from diabetes, and blood pressure.
Oyster mushroom can grow at moderate temperature that ranges from 20 - 300 C and humidity 55-70 percent for a period of 6 - 8 months in a year. It can also be cultivated in summer season by providing the extra humidity needed for its growth.
In hilly areas - the best growing season is during March or April to September or October while in the lower regions it is from September or October to March or April.
The process for oyster mushroom cultivation can be divided into following 4 steps:
- Preparation of spawn
- Substrate preparation
- Spawning of substrate
- Crop management
Oyster mushroom can be cultivated on several agro-wastes having cellulose & lignin that helps in more enzyme production of cellulose, which is correlated with more yield.
These consist of straw of paddy, wheat / ragi, stalk & leaves of maize, millets and cotton, used citronella leaf, sugarcane bagasse, saw dust, jute and cotton waste, used tea leaf waste, useless waste paper and synthetic compost of button mushrooms etc.
It can also be cultivated with the use of industrial wastes such as paper mill sludges, coffee byproducts, tobacco waste etc.
Cultivation of Paddy Straw Mushroom
Paddy straw mushroom is grown in South-east parts of Asia. It is one of the most popular mushrooms owing to its taste. Unlike button mushrooms, they are grown on raised platforms under shadow or in well-ventilated rooms.
Spawning
Paddy straw mushrooms are spawned on chopped, soaked paddy straws. At times they are spawned on cereal grains or millets. When they are spawned on paddy straw, they are known as straw spawn and when spawned on cereal grains, they are called grain spawn.
In India, the mushroom of this variety is grown on paddy straw. Well dried and long straws are tied together in bundles of 8 to 10 cm in diameter. Then they are chopped to uniform length of 70 to 80 cm & soaked in water for 12 to 16 hours. Excess water is then drained off.
Bed Preparation
Since the mushrooms are cultivated on raised platforms, the foundations made of bricks & soil ought to be raised. The size must be a little larger than the bedding and should be strong enough to hold the weight of the bed.
A bamboo frame of the size of the foundation is put on top of the foundation. At least 4 bundles from the soaked straw is put on the frame. Another 4 bundles are located but with the loose ends in the opposite direction. These 8 bundles together make up the 1st layer of bedding. Around 12 cm away from the 1st layer, the grain spawn is scattered.
After the last layer is made, cover the whole bed with a transparent plastic sheet. However proper care must be taken to make sure that the sheet is not in contact with the bed.
Mushrooming
Usually, mushrooms begin to grow within 10 to 15 days of spawning. They continue to grow for the next 10 days. Once the volva erupts & the mushroom inside is exposed, the crop is ready for harvesting. These mushrooms being very fragile have a very short shelf life hence they must be consumed fresh.
Authors:
Sushila Choudhary*, Ramniwas yadav, Rajpal Yadav and Priyanka
Ph.D. (Scholar) Division of Plant Pathology, RARI, Durgapura , SKNAU, Jobner
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