Agriculture Knowledge for Everyone
Submit Article Contact Us
KrishiSewa - Agriculture Knowledge for Indian Farmers

पोषक तत्‍व Tag

13 Jan

Posted at 08:54h in Soil & Fertilizers by
देवराज 41,309 views

Major plant nutrient elements and their fertilizers पौधों के पोषक तत्‍व उन तत्वों को कहते हैं जिनकी कमी से पौधे अपना जीवन चक्र पूरा न कर सकें तथा पौधों के स्वास्थ्य में जिनका सीधा योगदान हो। इन तत्वों  की कमी को केवल इन्हीं तत्वों के प्रयोग से ही पूरा किया जा सकता है। पौधों के मुख्य पोषक तत्व 17 हैं इनमे 9 मैक्रो या बहुल पोषक तत्व कार्बन, हाइड्रोजन, आक्सीजन, नाइट्रोजन, फास्फोरस, पोटाशियम, गंधक, कैल्शियम तथा मैग्नीशियम है तथा 8 माईक्रो  या सूक्ष्म पोषक तत्व लोहा, जस्ता, तांबा, बोरोन, मोलिबडीनम, क्लोरीन व निक्कल है।   मृदा में पोषक तत्वों की कमी व उनके उपयोग की दृष्टि से नाइट्रोजन, फास्फोरस व पोटेशियम अधिक महत्वपूर्ण है। 1. नाइट्रोजन तत्‍व नाइट्रोजन तत्‍व फसलों मेें हरापन बनाता है तथा वानस्पतिक वृध्दि को बढ़ावा देती है। यह फसलों में प्रोटीन व कार्बोहाइड्रेट के उत्पादन में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देती है। नाइट्रोजन में प्रमुख उर्वरक निम्नलिखित हैं:- उर्वरक नाइट्रोजन (प्रतिशत) यूरिया 46 कैल्शियम अमोनियम नाइट्रेट 25 तथा 26 अमोनियम सल्फेट 20 अमोनियम सल्फेट नाइट्रेट 26 कैल्शियम नाइट्रेट 15.5 सोडियम नाइट्रेट 16 अमोनिया घोल 20-25 अमोनिया अनहाइड्रस 82 अमोनियम फास्फेट 20 मृदा व फसलों के प्रति अनुकूलता नाइट्रोजन उर्वरकों की कार्यकुशलता बढ़ाने के लिये मिट्टी की किस्म तथा विभिन्न फसलों के स्वभाव के अनुसार ही उर्वरकों का चुनाव किया जाना चाहिये। रेतीली जमीन में सिंचाई तथा वर्षा से पहले नाइट्रेट तथा अमाईड उर्वरकों के प्रयोग की अपेक्षा अमोनियम उर्वरकों का प्रयोग करना चाहिये। खुश्क जमीनों में नाइट्रेट उर्वरकों का प्रयोग करना चाहिये। धान वाली...

12 Jan

Posted at 07:00h in Soil & Fertilizers by
Dr.A.G.Rajalakshmi 2,611 views

मिट्टी कें पोषक तत्व निर्धारण में माइकोराइजा कवक का योगदान Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)  are obligate symbionts with higher plants. Mycorrhiza is the association between fungi and the roots of higher plants and microorganisms and higher plants. On a global scale, between 86% and 94% of plants are mycorrhizal. Mycorrhizal associations are mutualistic, neutral, or parasitic depending on the circumstances although mutualism is the dominant type.Associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant roots are usually non-specific in terms of the fungus-plant pairings that are compatible.  A positive effect of mycorrhizalinoculation on growth of plants in metal contaminated soils. Arbuscularmycorrhizas have the ability to alleviate many anthropogenic stresses, including effects of metals and polychlorinated aliphatic and phenolic pollutants. Remediation of soils contaminated with toxic pollutants using specific combinations of plants with mycorrhizal fungi deserves increased emphasis. Groups of mycorrhizas The two main types of mycorrhiza are ecto and endo mycorrhizas, differ in their structure and physiological relationships with host plant. Mycorrhiza fungi frequently stimulate plants to reduce root biomass and simultaneously expanding nutrient uptake capacity by extending far beyond root surfaces and proliferating in soil pores that are too small for root hairs to enter. Two mycorrhizal groups of fungal mycelium are: a) Endo mycorrhizas. The fungi live inside the cortical cells of the roots and also grow...

05 Jan

Posted at 04:25h in Soil & Fertilizers by
राज कुमार सिंह 6,701 views

Importance of sulfur in oilseed crops तिलहनी फसलें भारतीय आहार में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रहीं है।  इसका उत्पादन लगभग 24 मिलियन टन हो रहा है। तिलहन फसल के लिए संतुलित उर्वरक का प्रयोग आवश्यक है, जिसमें नत्राजन, फास्फोरस, पोटाश, गंधक, जिंक व बोरान तत्व अति आवश्यक है।  गत वर्षों में सन्तुलित उर्वरकों के अन्तर्गत केवल नत्राजन, फास्फोरस एवं पोटाश के उपयाेग पर बल दिया गया।  सल्फर के उपयोग पर विशेष ध्यान न दिये जाने के कारण मृदा के नमूनों में 40 प्रतिशत गंधक (सल्फर) की कमी पाई गई।  आज उपयोग में आ रहे गंधक रहित उर्वरकों जैैसे यूरिया, डी0ए0पी0, एन0पी0 के0 तथा म्यूरेट आफ पोटाश के उपयोग से गंधक की कमी निरन्तर बढ रही है।  गंधक की कमी मुख्यतः निम्न कारणों से भूमि के अन्दर हो जाती है, जिसकी तरफ कृषकों का ध्यान नहीं जाता।  भूमि में सन्तुलित उर्वरकों का प्रयोग न करना । लगातार विभिन्न फसलों द्वारा गंधक जमीन में लेते रहने व सल्फर रहित उर्वरकों के प्रयोग में इन तत्वों की कमी हो जाती है। ऐसे उर्वरकों का उपयोग जिसमें बहुत कम या न के बराबर सल्फर का होना। जहाँ अकार्बनिक खादें प्रयोग में नहीं आती है, वहाँ पर भी सल्फर की कमी का होना। हाल ही में तोड़ कर विकसित की गई भूमि या हल्क गठन वाली बलुई मिटटी में, जहाँ निक्षालन द्वारा पोषक तत्वों...

09 Oct

Posted at 08:47h in Soil & Fertilizers by
Jugal K. Malav 6,804 views

समस्याग्रस्त मिट्टी का प्रबंधन कैसे करें For the management of problematic soils,  some general principles has to be considered for proper implementation of the reclamation measures. The total soluble salt concentrations in the root zone have to be decreased to control osmotic effects on plant growth. Maintenance of total soil moisture tension must be ensured at optimum level so that plant roots can absorb an adequate amount of water. Water flows through the soil in the direction of maximum decrease of hydraulic head and the flow velocity is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The design and layout of drainage system are controlled by this principle. The availability of good quality water is of paramount for leaching and drainage of soluble salts. The Salt concentration in soil solution upward movement of salts and their accumulation increase with an increase in the evaporation and transpiration from the surface of the soil and the vegetation, especially when the ground water table is shallow. Increase or decrease of salts in the root zone depends upon whether the salt inputs are higher or lower than the salt outputs. The cations in the soil solution and those adsorbed on exchange complex are in equilibrium with each other. The dispersion and effectiveness of amendments are controlled by this principle. Management of Saline and Non saline alkali...

06 Oct

Posted at 10:37h in Soil & Fertilizers by
Ravinder Kumar 3,709 views

सटीक नाइट्रोजन उर्वरक प्रबंधन के लिए आधुनिक उपकरण और तकनीक Food production is commensurate with fertilizer usage. Among the three major fertilizers, nitrogen, phosphate and potassium, application of nitrogenous fertilizers is the maximum. It is reported that China, India and Pakistan together consume approximately 70% of nitrogen fertilizer consumed globally. These figures of nitrogen fertilizer consumption point towards emerging environmental pollution issues. The estimated food production demands would require application of N fertilizer to the tune of 116.0 million tonnes in 2016 and 58% of it would be required in Asia alone of which India’s share would be 30% (FAO Report, 2012). The consumption of N fertilizer in form of urea has increased many folds after green revolution in India which is mainly due to lacunae in soil testing facilities for a large number of small-holder marginal farmers which are mostly unaware about modern tools and techniques. The only guiding tool for the farmers is their own wisdom while applying urea and other pesticides and inputs. Often they end up following wrong package of practices as they have no scientific tools to measure what the soil is deficient in. India imported about 10.24 million tonnes (about 41% of total consumption) of fertilizer nutrient NPK in 2008-09 as against 1.93 million tonnes in 2002-03.India produces 10% of world...

24 Aug

Posted at 08:22h in Soil & Fertilizers by
Thamarai Thuvasan K* 2,890 views

सेलाइन (खारा) मिट्टी के सुधार की तकनीक Accumulation of excess salts in the root zone resulting in a partial or complete loss of soil productivity is a worldwide problem. Soil salinity has caused heavy loss of national wealth in India. Out of 329 million hectares of land in the country, about 175 million ha (53 %) is suffering from degradation. The extent of this problem area as given by different sources varies from 8.56 M ha to 10.9 M ha. According to Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, 1.7 M ha of land is affected by salinity among the 6.7 M ha of salt affected land. World as a whole is losing at least three hectare of arable land every minute by soil salinization. The problems of soil salinity are most widespread in the arid and semi-arid regions. Soil salinity is also a serious problem in areas where groundwater of high salt content is used for irrigation. The most serious salinity problems are being faced in the irrigated arid and semi-arid regions of the world and in these regions that irrigation is essential to increase agricultural production to satisfy food requirements. Development of saline soil There are several reasons for development of salinity in the soils such as, Excessive and uncontrolled irrigation Accumulation of salts in the...

24 Aug

Posted at 06:59h in Soil & Fertilizers by
Jugal K. Malav 2,051 views

सिलिकॉन तत्‍व: पौधों में तनाव सहिष्णुता में सुधार के लिए लाभकारी घटक The beneficial effects of Si are mainly associated with its high deposition in plant tissues, enhancing their strength and rigidity. However, Si might play an active role in enhancing host resistance to plant diseases by stimulating defense reaction mechanisms. Because many plants are not able to accumulate Si at high enough levels to be beneficial, genetically manipulating the Si uptake capacity of the root might help plants to accumulate more Si and, hence, improve their ability to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. A brief history of silicon in plants Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element after oxygen in soil. Silicon dioxide comprises 50–70% of the soil mass. However, the role of Si in plant growth and development was overlooked until the beginning of the 20th century. Because of the abundance of the element in nature and because visible symptoms of either Si deficiency or toxicity are not apparent, plant physiologists largely ignored it. However, repeated cropping and the constant application of chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium have depleted the amount of Si that is available to plants in the soil. An awareness of Si deficiency in soil is now recognized as being a limiting factor for crop production, particularly...