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KrishiSewa - Agriculture Knowledge for Indian Farmers

Wheat Tag

25 Jun

Posted at 04:56h in Postharvest by
Om Prakash Gupta 3,628 views

गेहूं के विभिन्न अंत उत्पादों के पोषण संबंधी मूल्य पर प्रसंस्करण का प्रभाव To meet the energy need of the ever growing world’s population, wheat is the second most widely gowned cereal after rice in the world. The importance of wheat is mainly due to the fact that its grain can be processed into various end products like flour, semolina, and other bakery products. The quality of these products is directly proportional to preserving the nutrient density of wheat while processing. Table 1, shows the nutritional composition of different end products which is comparable with the whole wheat grains. Processing of wheat grain involves different regulated steps right from the harvesting the grains to the production of flour to be used to form various end products. Therefore, enough care should be taken at each step while processing. In this article we have highlighted the nutritional loss of various end products while processing. Table 1: Nutritional profile of some wheat products (amount /100g grain) S.No Nutrient Whole grain Wheat bread Semolina Kellogg   Spaghetti Cooked Wheat, durum Chapatti    Carbohydrate   1. Total carbohydrate (g) 72.5 47.5 72.8 77 26.5 71.1 49 2. Dietary fiber (g) 12.1 3.6 3.9 15 4.5 - 4.04    Protein   1. Protein (g) 13.6 10.9 12.7 15 5.3 13.7 8   Fats   1. Total fat (g) 1.8 3.6 1.1 1.6 0.5 2.5 8 2. Saturated fatty acid (g) 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 - 3. Monounsaturated fatty acid (g) 0.25 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.3 - 4. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g) 0.75 1.4 0.4 0.7 0.2 1 - 5. Omega-3-fatty acid (mg) 38 135 37 - 10 48 - 6. Omega-6-fatty acid (mg) 738 1300 393 - 203 930 -   Vitamins   1. Vitamin A (IU) 9.1 - - - 3   - 2. Vitamin E (mg) 0.8 0.2 - - 0.3   - 3. Thiamine (B1) (mg) 0.41 0.4 0.3 - 0.1 0.4 - 4. Riboflavin (B2) (mg) 0.25 0.3 0.1 - - 0.1 - 5. Niacin (B3) (mg) 6.3 5.2 3.3 - 0.7 6.7 - 6. Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) 1.0 0.8 0.6 - 0.4 0.9 - 7. Pyridoxine (B6) (mg) 0.3 - - - - 0.4 - 8. Folate (B7) (µg) 44 85 72 - 5 43 -   Minerals   1. Calcium (mg) 34 142 17 40 15 34 - 2. Iron (mg) 3.9 3.5 1.2 - 1.1 3.5 - 3. Magnesium (mg) 138 48 47 - 30 144 - 4. Phosphorus (mg) 345.8 155 136 421 89 508 - 5. Potassium (mg) 405 184 186 475 44 431 - 6. Sodium (mg) 5 521 1 3 3 2 - 7. Zinc (mg) 2.9 1.2 1.1 - 0.8 4.2 - 8. Copper (mg) 0.4 0.2 0.2 - 0.2 0.6 - 9. Manganese...

14 May

Posted at 10:51h in Postharvest by
Raj Pal Meena 7,468 views

गेहूं अनाज का वैज्ञानिक भंडारण Agricultural commodities have to undergo a series of operations such as harvesting, threshing, winnowing, grading, bagging/packing, transportation and storage before they reach to the consumers. There are significant losses at all these stages.  The most economically important step in case of the cereals like wheat is the storage of the grain produce. Storage is the interim phase in the chain of transporting agricultural products from farmers to consumers. Losses during the storage constitute a significant share of food grain loss in post production operations. With the production of nearly 87 million tonnes of wheat India has potential to meet the food requirement of the country. Losses in wheat production are generally noticed at various stages like threshing, transport and storage. Also the attack of rodents and birds lead to losses in grain production of wheat. Losses during storage are mainly due to attack by storage insect-pests, loss of moisture in grain, fungus infestation, rodent attack, and spillage. Since a huge amount of the wheat produce is lost during the storage of grains, various precautions need to be taken to prevent these losses. The time of harvesting in wheat plays a vital role. Wheat crop should be harvested, when the crop is at field maturity and grains become hard. If...

14 May

Posted at 07:10h in Seed production by
C.N.Mishra, 5,861 views

गेहूं के गुणवत्तायुकत बीज का उत्पादन करें। Wheat is a one of the important cereal crop and India is the second largest producer of wheat in the world after China. Seed has played a crucial role in agriculture since ancient times. In modern agriculture also quality seed is an essential input that helps in exploiting the full potential of a variety. The seed that reaches to the farmers should have high genetic purity as well as high physical, physiological and health quality. In India farmers select and save the seed for next year sowing so therefore the seed supplied to the farmers should be of best quality. Therefore best practice to produce quality seed should be followed. Climate for wheat: Wheat is grown over a wide range of latitudes ranging between 600 N to 600S and altitudes ranging from sea level to an elevation up to 3,500 m in the tropics and sub tropics. The ideal condition for vegetative period is cool and moist weather and during grain formation warm and dry weather. The optimum temperature for germination is between 20-22o C and for vegetative growth ranges from 16-22OC. During the grain development period wheat requires a mean maximum temperature of about 25OC for at least 4-5weeks. Land selection: Selection of appropriate site is very...

10 May

Posted at 08:34h in Resource Management by
Vimal Pratap Pandey 10,338 views

फसलों की रोपाई की नाली सि‍चि‍त उभरी क्‍यारी प्रणाली और फसल उत्पादन में उभरी क्‍यारी रोपाई के फायदे In bed planting systems, wheat or other crops are planted on the raised beds in ridge - furrow system. This system is often considered more appropriate for growing high value crops that are more sensitive to temporary water logging stress. Farmers often raise crops such as cotton, maize-soybean and wheat on the raised beds. However, the practice of growing rice, the major water-using crop in rice-wheat systems, on narrow raised beds was introduced only very recently in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) to reduce water use, conserve rainwater and improve system productivity. Recent work shows that system of raised bed planting of crops may be particularly advantageous in areas where groundwater levels are falling and herbicide-resistant weeds are becoming a problem. This tillage and crop establishment option also facilitates crop diversification and intercropping of wheat, chickpea and Indian-mustard with sugarcane, maize with potato, mint with wheat, rice with soybean, and pigeon pea with sorghum or green gram. Although bed planted wheat in rotation with soybeans covered more than 75% area under wheat by 1994 in Mexico, the South Asian rice-wheat farmers are still experimenting with this system of crop planting in the Indo-Gangetic Plains to address issues...

26 Apr

Posted at 04:56h in Postharvest by
भूशण आहेर 4,052 views

Post harvest management and storage of wheat विश्‍व में उगाई जाने वाले अनाजों में गेहूँ का स्थान धान एवं मक्का के पश्‍चात तीसरा है और यह सभी प्रमुख सभ्यताओं में स्थायी खाद्य है। 1960 के दौरान हरित क्रांति द्वारा प्रोत्साहित होने के कारण विश्‍व का लगभग 36 प्रतिषत गेहूँ का उत्पादन एशिया में होता है। लगभग एक दशक से भारत का गेहूँ उत्पादन में चीन के बाद दूसरा स्थान है जिसके कारण भारत एक खाद्यान्न आत्म निर्भर देश्‍ा हो गया है। वर्श 2011-12 के दौरान भारत में गेहूँ का उत्पादन 93.96 मिलियन टन था जो कि पूरे विष्व में गेहूँ उत्पादन का लगभग 15 प्रतिशत है। 1950-51 के दौरान 6.45 मिलियन टन की तुलना में वर्श 2012-12 के दौरान लगभग 15 गुणा उत्पादन बढ़ा है। यद्यपि इस गुणात्मक उत्पादन ने राश्टीय खाद्य सुरक्षा को सुदृढ़ता प्रदान की है। किन्तु उचित कटाई, तदुपरांत प्रबंधन एवं भण्डारण को लेकर चिंताएं  भी पैदा की हैं। फसल पकने के साथ ही कृशको की चिंताए समाप्त नहीं होती क्योंकि कटाई के दौरान दानों के झड़नें तथा चिड़ियों, कीटों द्वारा खेत एवं भण्डार में नुकसान की आशंका रहती है। दूसरी तरफ जल्दी कटाई से दानों में नमी अधिक होती है जिसमें कवकों की उत्पत्ति एवं खाद्य गुणवत्ता कम होने की संभावना रहती है। कटाई उपरांत नुकसान को उपलब्ध तकनीकों...

03 Apr

Posted at 06:41h in Postharvest by
Gupta O.P. 2,801 views

लंबे समय तक भंडारण गेहूं की औद्योगिक गुणवत्ता खराब करता है: इसे नियंत्रित करने के लिए उपाय  With the increasing ever growing global population, maintaining the nutritional quality of wheat is emerging as a crucial step forward. Nutritional deterioration starts right from the field before harvesting the crops to the storage and the final consumption (processing loss). The wheat grain contains 2-3% germ, 13-17% bran and 80-85% mealy endosperm. The wheat bran is mainly rich in fiber (53%), vitamin B complex and minerals which are lost from the starchy endosperm during the first stage of milling. The endosperm mainly contains energy-yielding starch. The germ lies at one end of the grain which is rich in proteins (25%) and lipids (8-13%). The production of wheat varies from year to year therefore the produce should be stored strategically from years of over production for the use in year of under production. The primary factors affecting the grain quality in storage are moisture, temperature and humidity of storage environment. The safe moisture content for storage of wheat is 12-14% at 25°C and 75% relative humidity. Other factors responsible for deterioration are poor containers/warehouses, feeding by rodents, insect pests and microorganisms. Improper post harvest storage of wheat grains can cause losses in both quantity and quality...

14 Mar

Posted at 10:25h in Crop disease by
11,839 views

गेहूं की फसल के खरपतवार  Wheat is an important cereal crop. The pre-dominant weeds associated with wheat crop are Anagallis arvensis (Krishananeel कृष्‍णनील), Argemone mexicana (Satyanashi सत्‍यानाशी), Asphodelus tenuifolius (Piazi प्‍याजी), Avena ludoviciana (Jangli Jai जंगली जंई), Cannabis sativa (Bhang भांग), Carthamus oxycantha (Pohli पोहली), Chenopodium album (Bathu बथुआ), Cirsium arvense (Kateli कटैहली), Convolvulus arvensis (Hirankhuri हि‍रनखुरी), Cornopus didymus (Pitpapra पीतपापडा), Euphorbia jelioscopia (Dudhi दुधी), Fumaria parviflora (Gajri गाजरी), Lathyrus aphaca (Matri मटरी), Malva parviflora (Gogisag गोगीसाग), Medicago denticulata (Maina मैना), Malilotus alba (Metha मेथा), Phalaris minor (Mandushi/Gulidanda मंडूशी), Poa annua (Poa ghas पौघास), Polygonum plebejum (Raniphul रानीफूल), Polypogon monspeliensis (Lomar ghas लोमरघास), Rumex retroflex (Jangli palak जंगली पालक), Spergula arvensis (Bandhania वनधनि‍या), Vicia sativa (Chatri/Gegla गेला). Phalaris minor is the major weed of wheat crop in rice - wheat cropping system. Sometimes its population is so high (2000-3000 plants / m2) that farmers are forced to harvest the wheat crop as fodder. Isoproturon (Arelon) was recommended for the control of Phalaris minor in 1980s. It remained effective for almost a decade. However, sole dependence on this herbicide resulted in the development of resistance to Isoproturon in Phalaris minor. In zero tillage fields, the intensity of Rumex and Malwa parviflora is increasing and may become a problem in the coming years. Therefore, we...

14 Mar

Posted at 10:12h in Crop Cultivation by
47,636 views

भारत मे गेंहू उगाने की तकनीक  India is the fourth largest producer of wheat in the world. Wheat is an important cereal crop grown in India. Wheat is cultivated in almost all parts of India. Geographically India has been divided into six wheat growing zones. Wheat is a rabi crop which is sown in the beginning of winter (November-December) and is harvested in the beginning of summer. Sowing of wheat: Optimum date of sowing depends on type of variety, weather, soil, irrigation facility etc. However, most appropriate time of sowing is when the daily ambient temperature drops to 20-22 0C. Therefore second fortnight of November is optimum time of sowing in Northern plainsLast Dates up to which sowing would be economical are: upto 25th December - in North-West plain Zone upto 10th December - in North-East plain & Central Zone upto 30th November - in Peninsular Zone Soaking seeds in water overnight before sowing, using higher seed rate, closer spacing, shallow sowing (2-3 cm) and spreading thin covering of FYM soon after sowing, can reduce loss caused by late sowing, The dwarf wheats should be sown only at 5-6 cm depth as they have shorter coleoptiles. Seeding depth of 8-10 cm results in poor germination and reduced yield. The optimum seed rate, for timely sown wheat, is 100 to 125 kg of seed...