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Postharvest

05 Apr

Posted at 06:57h in Postharvest
10,271 views

पशुओं से अधिकतम दुग्धउत्पादन प्राप्त करने के लिए उन्हें प्रर्याप्त मात्रा में पौषिटक चारे की आवश्यकता होती है। इन चारों को पशुपालक या तो स्वयं उगाता हैं या फिर कहीं और से खरीद कर लाता है। चारे को अधिकांशत: हरी अवस्था में पशुओं को खिलाया जाता है तथा इसकी अतिरिक्त मात्रा को सुखाकर भविष्य में प्रयोग करने के लिए भंडारण कर लिया जाता है। ताकि चारे की कमी के समय उसका प्रयोग पशुओं को खिलाने के लिए किया जा सके। इस तरह से भंडारण करने से उसमें पोषक तत्व बहुत कम रह जाते है। इसी चारे का भंडा़रण यदि वैज्ञानिक तरीके से किया जाये तो उसकी पौषिटकता में कोर्इ कमी नहीं आती तथा कुछ खास तरीकों से इस चारे को उपचारित करके रखने से उसकी पौषिटकता को काफी हद तक बढाया भी जा सकता है। चारे को भंडारण करने की निम्न विधियाँ है। हे बनाना: हे बनाने के लिए हरे चारे या घास को इतना सुखाया जाता है जिससे कि उसमें नमी कि मात्रा 15-20 प्रतिषत तक ही रह जाए। इससे पादप कोशिकाओं तथा जीवाणुओं की एन्जाइम क्रिया रूक जाती है लेकिन इससे चारे की पौषिटकता में कमी नहीं आती, हे बनाने के लिए लोबिया, बरसीम, रिजका, लेग्यूम्स तथा ज्वार, नेपियर, जवी, बाजरा, ज्वार, मक्की, गिन्नी, अंजन आदि घासों का प्रयोग किया जाता है लेग्यूम्स घासों में सुपाच्य तत्व अधिक...

19 Mar

Posted at 09:42h in Postharvest
Sellam Perinban 5,754 views

फूल र्नि‍जलि‍कारण: पुष्प कृषि में एक नया प्रतिमान  Flowers are an integral part of Indian culture. Flowers are being used for offering and decorative purposes all over the country since ancient times. Dried flowers are the everlasting flowers which are made from the suitable plant materials by drying. Dried flowers are the important products of present day floriculture due to their long lasting quality, year round availability, easy handling, low transportation cost, eco-friendly and suitable for subsequent flower products Potpourri, a segment of dried flower is used to give fragrances. Dried flowers occupy a major chunk of the total floriculture. India is the fifth largest exported of dried flowers and the industry exports 500 varieties of flowers from India to 20 countries and is highly in demand in USA and UK markets. India is one of the major exporters of dried flowers to the tune of 5% world trade in dry flowers. This industry shows a growth rate of 15% annually. Potpourris are a major segment of dry flower industry valued at Rs. 55 crore in India alone.   Fig : Export of dried flowers and total floricultural products from 1991-2013 (Source: UNCOMTRADE, APEDA) History of dried flowers Dried flower production has been considered as an art for hundreds of years. Fragrant dried flowers and herb garlands...

04 Jan

Posted at 09:29h in Postharvest
सुषमा कुमारी पवार 36,319 views

The use of crop products available at the domestic level in food grain storage by traditional practices भारत में अनाज और तिलहन की फसलों में 10 से 20 प्रतिशत तक का नुकसान अनुमानित है (चहल, 2011)। सरकारी रिकार्ड के अनुसार, अकेले साल 2010 में सरकारी गोदामों में 11,700 टन भण्डारित खाद्यान्न सड़ जाने से भारत को भारी आर्थिक नुकसान पहुंचा है (चहल, 2011)। अनाज की खपत की भारी मांग और उसके महत्व को ध्यान में रखते हुए अनाज के उचित भंडारण को नकारा नहीं जा सकता। सुरक्षित भण्डारण के लिये कई पारम्परिक प्रथाएँ आसानी से प्रयोग में लाई जाती है व काफी किफायती और वातावरण के अनुकूल है। ये प्रक्रियाएं आमतौर पर स्थानीय रुप से उपलब्ध प्राकृतिक संसाधनों पर आधारित होती है। घरेलू स्तर उपर सुरक्षित भण्डारण एक जरूरी प्रक्रिया है क्योंकि कीटों एवं सूक्ष्म जैविक कारक खाद्य पदार्थों की गुणवत्ता एवं पौश्टिकता में भारी कमी का मुख्य कारण है इसके साथ-साथ ये कारक अनाजों की मात्रा में भी भारी कमी लाते है। कीटों और जैविक कारक अपने विशाक्त पदार्थों को उत्पादित कर और अपने मलमूत्र से लोगों के स्वास्थ्य पर भी बुरा प्रभाव डालते है। अनाज भंडारण कीटों के प्रकार कवक : कवक एक कोषिकीय बीजाणु है जिनमें जनन स्वत: ही होता है इसलिए इनके बीजाणुओं को पर्यावरण की पहुंच से दूर रखा जाना चाहिए ताकि ये भंडारित...

03 Oct

Posted at 06:20h in Postharvest
36,324 views

स्थानीय सामग्री का उपयोग करके अनाज के सुरक्षित और कि‍फायती भंडारण के लिए स्वदेशी प्रथाऐं।  Keeping in mind the importance and high demand of cereals for consumption, their proper storage must not be neglected. The post-harvest damage caused during storage is mainly due to infestation by storage pest causes huge quality losses in food grains combined with economic losses. This damage may be due to direct feeding of grains by insects and pests or by microbiological agents like fungi and bacteria. The post-harvest losses of food grains and oilseeds are estimated to be 10 to 20 per cent in India (Chahal, 2011).  India experiences severe losses in storage of food grains, as per the official records economic loss to the tune of 11,700 tons of food grains was reported to have occurred in the government godowns during 2010 alone (Chahal, 2011). Through use of proper pest management practices the above storage losses can be minimized effectively. Different causative agents are moulds and insects which cause economic and quality losses during storage, some of the methods practiced by rural house-holds from ancient times and use of some plant products for safe and economic storage of food grains along with detailed procedure are being discussed here in this article. Types of pest causing infestation:  Fungi: Fungi are...

27 Jun

Posted at 10:19h in Postharvest
KRISHNA S. TOMAR 7,819 views

एन्थूरीअम कट पुुुुष्‍पों का कटाई उपरांत प्रबंधन Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum) is an evergreen, tropical, perennial herbaceous plant grown for showy cut flowers valued for colorful, long lasting, cylindrical spadix subtended in large heart shaped spathe and unusually attractive foliage. Anthurium, commonly called as Flamingo flower or Flamingo lily, is ideal for beds, borders, pots and suites very well for floral arrangements. The spathe and spadix are brilliantly colored ranging from scarlet, red, salmon, orange, pink and white but red is the most preferred colour. Anthurium cut flowers are highly perishable, prone to post-harvest losses and necessitate utmost care. Anthurium cut flowers survive without much deterioration for about two weeks by nature. However, quality of cut flowers depends on stage of harvest, pre-harvest factors and post-harvest handling. Post harvest management involves the steps for the improvement in keeping quality of the flower to the consumer. Factors affecting the post-harvest quality are pre-harvest factors viz. genetical, environmental (temperature, relative humidity, light), nutrition, irrigation and other cultural practices contribute to 70 per cent and remaining 30 per cent is determined through the post harvest management viz. stage, time and method of harvest, pre-cooling, bunching, packaging, storage and use of floral preservatives.  Pre-requisites for post-harvest quality of anthurium cut flower The size, shape, colour and texture of the spathe A heart...

25 Jun

Posted at 04:56h in Postharvest
Om Prakash Gupta 3,625 views

गेहूं के विभिन्न अंत उत्पादों के पोषण संबंधी मूल्य पर प्रसंस्करण का प्रभाव To meet the energy need of the ever growing world’s population, wheat is the second most widely gowned cereal after rice in the world. The importance of wheat is mainly due to the fact that its grain can be processed into various end products like flour, semolina, and other bakery products. The quality of these products is directly proportional to preserving the nutrient density of wheat while processing. Table 1, shows the nutritional composition of different end products which is comparable with the whole wheat grains. Processing of wheat grain involves different regulated steps right from the harvesting the grains to the production of flour to be used to form various end products. Therefore, enough care should be taken at each step while processing. In this article we have highlighted the nutritional loss of various end products while processing. Table 1: Nutritional profile of some wheat products (amount /100g grain) S.No Nutrient Whole grain Wheat bread Semolina Kellogg   Spaghetti Cooked Wheat, durum Chapatti    Carbohydrate   1. Total carbohydrate (g) 72.5 47.5 72.8 77 26.5 71.1 49 2. Dietary fiber (g) 12.1 3.6 3.9 15 4.5 - 4.04    Protein   1. Protein (g) 13.6 10.9 12.7 15 5.3 13.7 8   Fats   1. Total fat (g) 1.8 3.6 1.1 1.6 0.5 2.5 8 2. Saturated fatty acid (g) 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 - 3. Monounsaturated fatty acid (g) 0.25 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.3 - 4. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (g) 0.75 1.4 0.4 0.7 0.2 1 - 5. Omega-3-fatty acid (mg) 38 135 37 - 10 48 - 6. Omega-6-fatty acid (mg) 738 1300 393 - 203 930 -   Vitamins   1. Vitamin A (IU) 9.1 - - - 3   - 2. Vitamin E (mg) 0.8 0.2 - - 0.3   - 3. Thiamine (B1) (mg) 0.41 0.4 0.3 - 0.1 0.4 - 4. Riboflavin (B2) (mg) 0.25 0.3 0.1 - - 0.1 - 5. Niacin (B3) (mg) 6.3 5.2 3.3 - 0.7 6.7 - 6. Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) 1.0 0.8 0.6 - 0.4 0.9 - 7. Pyridoxine (B6) (mg) 0.3 - - - - 0.4 - 8. Folate (B7) (µg) 44 85 72 - 5 43 -   Minerals   1. Calcium (mg) 34 142 17 40 15 34 - 2. Iron (mg) 3.9 3.5 1.2 - 1.1 3.5 - 3. Magnesium (mg) 138 48 47 - 30 144 - 4. Phosphorus (mg) 345.8 155 136 421 89 508 - 5. Potassium (mg) 405 184 186 475 44 431 - 6. Sodium (mg) 5 521 1 3 3 2 - 7. Zinc (mg) 2.9 1.2 1.1 - 0.8 4.2 - 8. Copper (mg) 0.4 0.2 0.2 - 0.2 0.6 - 9. Manganese...

20 May

Posted at 07:59h in Postharvest
Sharad Kumar Dwivedi 3,653 views

 ग्लेडियोलस फूल के फूलदान जीवन में वृद्धि के लि‍ए सोडियम नाइट्रोप्रससाइड का उपचार The importance of flowers in socio-cultural and religious life of the Indian people can hardly be exaggerated. Though flower cultivation has been practiced in India since time immemorial, floriculture has blossomed into a viable and profitable business only in recent years. Considering the potential of this sector in generating income and employment opportunities, promoting greater involvement of women and enhancement of exports, this has been identified as an extreme focus area for export by Government of India. Flowers require sincere, patient, soft, affectionate as well as expert handling. All cut flowers are destined to die, and the challenge for postharvest researchers is to slow the processes controlling flower death to enable cut flowers to reach distant markets with a display life. Gladiolus (Gladiolus species) is very much liked for its majestic spikes containing attractive, elegant and delicate florets. Gladiolus have five stages of flower development viz., bud stage (colour visible), half-open stage, fully-open stage, incipient senescent stage and finally senescence stage. These florets open in sequence over a longer duration and hence have a good keeping quality of cut spikes. There is a wide range of colours- self or bicolour with or without central mark varying from white to dark. Normally, gladiolus...

14 May

Posted at 10:51h in Postharvest
Raj Pal Meena 7,463 views

गेहूं अनाज का वैज्ञानिक भंडारण Agricultural commodities have to undergo a series of operations such as harvesting, threshing, winnowing, grading, bagging/packing, transportation and storage before they reach to the consumers. There are significant losses at all these stages.  The most economically important step in case of the cereals like wheat is the storage of the grain produce. Storage is the interim phase in the chain of transporting agricultural products from farmers to consumers. Losses during the storage constitute a significant share of food grain loss in post production operations. With the production of nearly 87 million tonnes of wheat India has potential to meet the food requirement of the country. Losses in wheat production are generally noticed at various stages like threshing, transport and storage. Also the attack of rodents and birds lead to losses in grain production of wheat. Losses during storage are mainly due to attack by storage insect-pests, loss of moisture in grain, fungus infestation, rodent attack, and spillage. Since a huge amount of the wheat produce is lost during the storage of grains, various precautions need to be taken to prevent these losses. The time of harvesting in wheat plays a vital role. Wheat crop should be harvested, when the crop is at field maturity and grains become hard. If...