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Crop Improvement Tag

05 Apr

Posted at 08:13h in Crop Cultivation
अखिल कुमार1 और शिवानी शर्मा2 11 views

Role of next generation breeding tools in climate resilient horticultural crops The recently developed new generation breeding tool Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR Associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) plays an important role in crop improvement due to its simplicity, high efficiency and accuracy compared to other existing molecular breeding tools. The discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 technology has made it possible to eliminate undesirable genes or introduce desired additional gene fragments, in addition to precisely modifying the genome by introducing single nucleotide changes आक्रमणकारी विदेशी डीएनए की प्रतिक्रिया में CRISPR-Cas9 प्रणाली की क्रिया को तीन चरणों में विभाजित किया जा सकता है: (i) अधिग्रहण चरण - आक्रमणकारी डीएनए की पहचान की जाती है और लक्ष्य डीएनए से प्राप्त स्पेसर अनुक्रम को स्थापित करने के लिए मेजबान CRISPR सरणी में डाला जाता है। प्रतिरक्षाविज्ञानी स्मृति; (ii) अभिव्यक्ति चरण - Cas9 प्रोटीन व्यक्त किया जाता है, और CRISPR सरणी को एक अग्रदूत आरएनए प्रतिलेख (precrRNA) में स्थानांतरित किया जाता है।  एक नॉनकोडिंग ट्रांस-एक्टिवेटिंग सीआरआईएसपीआर आरएनए (सीआरएनए) फिर प्री-सीआरएनए और कैस9 प्रोटीन में संकरण करता है और उन्हें परिपक्व आरएनए इकाइयों में संसाधित करता है जिन्हें सीआरआरएनए के रूप में जाना जाता है; और (iii) हस्तक्षेप चरण - परिपक्व सीआरआरएनए उचित डीएनए लक्ष्य को पहचानने के लिए कैस9 प्रोटीन का मार्गदर्शन करता है, जिससे हमलावर विदेशी डीएनए की दरार और गिरावट...

19 Aug

Posted at 07:22h in Miscellaneous
Vikrant Khare1* and Puja Shrivastava2 13 views

फसल सुधार में बायोमेट्रिक्स की भूमिका To create a significant hypothesis from plant data, statistical algorithm may be utilized. The biometric genetics is very useful to extract the significant information for crop improvement. The study of genetic variability within species and between species, relationship among the phenotypic traits, contribution of independent traits to dependent traits. All this exclusive information may derived by the help of biometrical techniques like analysis of variance, correlation study, path analysis, principal component analysis etc.     फसल सुधार में बायोमेट्रिक्स की भूमिका In the year 2010, the world’s population was estimated to be more than 6.8 billion people. The United Nations projects that the world population will surpass 7 billion in 2012 and reach 9 billion by 2050. Feeding those billions of additional people will be a major challenge for agriculture in next few decades. Crop plants will have to provide most of the calories and nutrients required for world’s future population. The genetic analysis of complex characteristics such as the oil content of corn is known as quantitative genetics. Statistical analysis has many applications ensuring the validity and reproducibility of plant breeding and genetics research. We must use statistical procedures that have been developed for analyzing complex characteristics. “Biometrics is the science that deals with the applications of...

24 Jan

Posted at 09:10h in Crop Cultivation
Swati Sharma,  Sushma Pawar, Satish Kumar, Umesh Kamble, Amit Kumar Sharma CN Mishra* and Gyanendra Singh 18 views

नैनोटेक्नोलॉजी: कृषि फसलों में फसल सुधार का एक आधुनिक दृष्टिकोण Nanofertilizers in agriculture aid in enhancing plant growth. The results of cutting-edge nanobiotechnological research include nanopesticides, nanoinsecticides, nanofungicides, and nanoherbicides, which are used to manage weeds in fields . Nanoparticles are being used in agriculture for crop improvement in various crops in various crops. नैनोटेक्नोलॉजी: कृषि फसलों में फसल सुधार का एक आधुनिक दृष्टिकोण More than two thirds of the Indian population depends on agriculture for their livelihood, which has probably an impact on the Indian economy. But the Indian agricultural system was not as robust as it is now, either before or after independence.   Green Revolution, which employed some contemporary farming techniques, was the main success story of Indian agriculture. Before the Green Revolution, the country frequently experienced hunger and severe food shortages, and now we find ourselves confronted with the issue of overabundance. Since the atmosphere in India varies throughout the year, a wide variety of crops are grown there, with rice and wheat serving as the country's two main food staples. Additionally, grains, pulses, tubers, sugarcane, oilseeds, cotton, tea, coffee, rubber, and jute are grown by Indian farmers. But it was noted that a variety of biological and abiotic stressors, water availability, and expanding world populations all pose threats to the presentations of...

24 Jan

Posted at 07:53h in Crop Cultivation
Tanvi Vermaa, Silky Gandhia, Santosh Kumar Bishnoib, Charan Singhb, K.K. Pramanicka, Dharam Pala, A.K. Shuklaa, Anjana Thakur c, Manoj Kumara and Madhu Patiala* 22 views

गेहूँ सुधार के लिए डबल्ड हैप्लोइडी तकनीक: एक परिचय  Doubled haploidy technique is used to generate pure inbred lines for basic research and production of commercial cultivars. These lines are pure and genetically homozygous individuals are produced when spontaneous or induced chromosome duplication of haploid cells occurs. Double haploids are one of the biggest achievements in plant breeding because of production of completely homozygous plant within a year (Hooghvorst and Nogues., 2021). The production of doubled haploid lines can accelerate the breeding of new wheat varieties by several years through one step creation of 100% homozygous plants. This technology plays an important role in studying the genetic control of traits in wheat, marker assisted selection, genomics and genetic engineering (Eliby et al., 2022). Double haploid breeding is useful tool in wheat improvement by providing instant homozygosity, which leads to instant fixation of desirable characters of recombinants as well as reduction in number of generations required to achieve success. Barclay (1975), initiated chromosome elimination technique in wheat, who recovered the wheat haploids in crosses between the wheat variety Chinese spring and Hordeum bulbosum. The technique was genotype-specific due to the presence of dominant crossability inhibitor genes Kr1 and Kr2 genes thereby affecting the practical value of the technique. Therefore, wheat x maize system of doubled haploid...

07 Oct

Posted at 08:16h in Miscellaneous
7 views

फसल सुधार में जैव प्रौद्योगिकी की भूमिका कृषि भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था का मूल आधार है, भारत की लगभग 65-70 प्रतिशत आबादी प्रत्यक्ष व अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से कृषि पर निर्भर है, लेकिन इस बदलते परिवेश में जहाँ बढ़ती आबादी के कारण कृषि जोत सिकुडती जा रही है, वहीं बदलती हुई जलवायुवीय परिस्थितियों ने कृषि स्थति को और भयावाह बना दिया है। कहीं पानी की कमी के कारण बुवाई पर रोक है, तो कहीं अधिक पैदावार की वजह से उपज की पर्याप्त कीमत नहीं मिल पा रही है। हरित क्रांति ने उपज तो बढ़ा दी है, लेकिन बदलते वक्त में खेती के सामने अलग चुनौतियां भी पैदा कर दी हैं। ऐसी खोज जरूरी है, जो क्लाइमेटिक जोन और पानी की उपलब्धता को देखते हुए कृषि उत्पादकता को बढ़ा सके। घटते प्राकृतिक संसाधनों और बढ़ती आबादी की खाद्य सुरक्षा को देखते हुए कृषि क्षेत्र की चुनौतियां बढ़ गई हैं। आधुनिक कृषि हमेशा भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था का सबसे प्रमुख क्षेत्र रहा है इसके अतिरिक्त भारत गेहूं, चावल, दालें, मसालों और कई उत्पादों के दुनिया के सबसे बड़े उत्पादक के रूप में उभरा है। आज कोई भी क्षेत्र तकनीकी से अछूता नहीं है। इसमें कृषि एक ऐसा क्षेत्र है जिस पर पूरा मानव जीवन चक्र निर्भर करता है और इसमें तकनीकी का अहम योगदान है। देश की जीडीपी में कृषि क्षेत्र...

21 Nov

Posted at 05:22h in Miscellaneous
Dr. R. S. Parmar 16 views

फसल सुधार में पादप आनुवंशिक संसाधनों के प्रभावी उपयोग के लिए पूर्व प्रजनन Plant breeding is an art, science and technology of improving genetic makeup of plants for the benefit of humankind. The genetic diversity of crop plants is the foundation for the sustainable development of new varieties for present and future challenges which arises due to the various biotic and abiotic stresses. Genetic diversity provides an option to farmers and plant breeders to develop new and more productive crops / varieties through selection, hybridization and breeding, that are resistant to virulent pests and diseases and adapted to changing environmental conditions. Pre-breeding is necessary for making the germplasm usable in traditional breeding. It is useful in creating vast genetic diversity, broadening genetic base of the population, improving adaptation, value addition by transferring useful alleles from un-adapted sources to adapted cultivars etc. However, use of genes from wild species poses several problems such as cross incompatibility, hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility and linkage between desirable and undesirable alleles. Pre-breeding work has yielded significant results in many field crops such as maize, sorghum, barley, rice, potato, cotton, oilseeds, pulses etc. . The aim should not only be to exploit intraspecific variation within a crop but also to increase interspecific diversity in agriculture through genetic improvement and promotion of less...

19 Sep

Posted at 09:37h in Miscellaneous
Dr.S. Parmar 16 views

फसल सुधार के माध्यम से जैव संवधर्न की भूमिका Plants are the prime source of essential minerals nutrients. These mineral elements which play vital role for human beings for their existence and the continuity race of life. Some plants are rich for some mineral and have deficiency to the other. No plant alone that contain all mineral elements in efficiently for human beings from the earth. Deficiency of mineral is also called as ‘Hidden hunger’, results in poor growth and compromised psychomotor development of children, reduced immunity, exhausted, fatigue, irritability, weakness, hair loss, wasting of muscles, sterility, morbidity and demise (Stein, 2010). Conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques are the two approaches that may be used to bio-fortify the crops with minerals like iron and zinc (Tiwari et al., 2010).  “Biofortification” or “biological fortification” called as nutritionally enhanced food crops with increased bioavailability to the human population that are developed and grown using modern biotechnology tools, conventional plant breeding methods, and agronomic practices. Biofortification is an upcoming, effective, bright, cost-effective, and sustainable technique of providing micronutrients to a population that has limited access to diverse diets and other micronutrient interventions. Success stories of biofortification include lysine and tryptophan rich QPM (quality protein maize), Vitamin A rich orange sweet potato; generated by crop breeding, oleic acid,...