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fruit crops Tag

18 Feb

Posted at 06:53h in Crop Cultivation
20 views

फल फसलों में रंग विकास: कायिक एवं उद्यानिक परिप्रेक्ष्य Fruit colour is one of the most reliable quality indicators for both eating and marking parameters. Fruit colour pigments are necessary for fruit attractiveness, and they tend to accumulate in the skin during the ripening process. Fruit pericarp colour is a critical quality trait that influences market value and consumer acceptance. Fruit ripening is a complex, irreversible process that involves a succession of physiological, biochemical, and organoleptic changes that result in the production of a soft, edible ripe fruit with ideal quality characteristics. The shift in colour is caused by either the production of plant pigments or the unmasking of previously hidden colour. Chlorophyll, a magnesium organic compound, is responsible for the colour change. The deterioration of chlorophyll structure causes the loss of green colour. Carotenoids and anthocyanins are two of the most important pigments found in fruit. They are crucial for human health as a source of vitamin A and antioxidant chemicals, in addition to their involvement in pigmentation. Carotenoids, which are made up of carotenes derived from terpenoids, are produced in large quantities in fruit during the transition from chloroplast to chromoplast. Anthocyanins are water-soluble flavonoids that are generated in the cytoplasm and found in vacuoles. They are formed eventually from phenylalanine. They come...

16 Aug

Posted at 06:57h in Crop disease
Ankit Kumar Pandey1, Sakshi Shastri2, Deepak Maurya3, Ram Niwas4 and Kuldeep1 21 views

फल फसलों में एकांतर वहन प्रवृत्तियां और उसका प्रबंधन Alternate bearing means production of an excessive crop one year followed by little or no crop next year and Irregular bearing means production of a large crop one year followed by a lesser crop next year / or any irregular succession of crops differing  as to yields. This phenomenon in perennial fruit crops appeared to be governed by positive and negative regulatory factors and their interplay decided the fate of meristems under optimum environmental cues. Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit.  Floral induction is considered to be the result of elevated levels of up-regulated florigenic promoter (FP) and down-regulated vegetative promoter (VP), primarily gibberellins, whereas the reverse condition promotes vegetative growth. The production of vegetative shoots in place of reproductive shoots is due to the elevated level of gibberellin which is considered as a vegetative promoter. Paclobutrazol, a gibberellin inhibitor, reduces VP level and thereby increases FP/VP ratio which stimulates flowering shoots in weakly inductive shoots of fruit crops. Mango is a tropical evergreen fruit crop having a strong tendency towards alternate or biennial bearing habit. One of the methods to manipulate flowering is through the use of synthetic plant growth regulator, Paclobutrazol and potassium nitrate. The...

09 Dec

Posted at 09:25h in Miscellaneous
Archit Singh 7 views

फलों की फसल के सुधार में पादप विकास नियामकों की भूमिका Plant growth regulators refer to an organic compound other than nutrients and vitamins which are active at low concentrations in promoting, inhibiting or modifying growth and development. The naturally occurring (endogenous) growth substances are commonly known as plant hormones, while the synthetic ones are called growth regulator. Plant hormone is synthesised in one part of the plant and translocated to another part, where in very low concentrations it causes a physiological response. The plant hormones are identified as promoters (auxins, gibberellin and cytokinin), inhibitors (abscissic acid and ethylene) and other hypothetical growth substance (florigen, flowering hormone, etc). Application of plant growth regulators results in better output as it improves the internal physiology of developing fruits to improve fruit set, reduce fruit drop and to amend various physiological disorders in order to improve quality and yield. Ethylene is known as the ‘ripening’ hormone. Manipulations of fruits and vegetables are done by either exogenous ethylene or inhibitors of ethylene production. However, other plant growth regulators are also used in horticultural production and have ramifications for postharvest quality. Many of the commercially available plant growth regulators are used in stone fruit production. Auxins are used to enhance the size of stone fruits. Gibberellins are used for increasing fruit...

07 Sep

Posted at 05:37h in Crop Cultivation
संगीता चंद्राकर, प्रभाकर सिंह एवं राम प्रताप राजवाड़े 11 views

चीकू की खेती करने की आधुनिक तकनीक चीकू ( Chiku ) या सपोटा (Sapota), सैपोटेसी कुल का पौधा है। भारत में चीकू अमेरिका के उष्ण कटिबन्धीय भाग से लाया गया था। चीकू का पक्का हुआ फल स्वादिष्ट होता है। चीकू के फलों की त्वचा मोटी व भूरे रंग का होती है। इसका फल छोटे आकार का होता है जिसमें 3 - 5 काले चमकदार बीज होते हैं। चीकू की खेेती फल उत्‍पादन तथा लेटेक्स उत्पादन के लिए की जाती है। चीकू के लेटेक्‍स का उपयोग चूइंगम तैयार करने के लिए किया जाता है। भारत में चीकू की खेती मुख्यत: फलों के लि‍‍‍ए की जाती है। चीकू फल का प्रयोग खाने के साथ-साथ जैम व जैली आदि बनाने में किया जाता है।   चीकू फल के लाभ  चीकू में विटामिन ए, ग्लूकोज, टैनिन, जैसे तत्‍व पाऐ जाते है जो कब्ज,  एनिमिया , तनाव , बवासीर और ज़ख़्म को ठीक करने के लिए सहायक होतेे हैं । चीकू में कुछ खास तत्व पाए जाते हैं जो श्वसन तंत्र से कफ और बलगम निकाल कर और पुरानी खांसी में राहत देता हैं। चीकू में लेटेक्स अच्छी मात्रा में पाया जाता हैं इसलिए यह दाँत की कैविटी को भरने के लिए भी इस्तेमाल किया जाता हैं। चीकू की व्यावसायिक खेती भारत के गुजरात, महाराष्ट्र, कर्नाटक तथा तमिलनाडु राज्यों में इसकी...

20 Feb

Posted at 09:05h in Crop disease
Sagar, D 19 views

फल फसलों के सि‍लाईड (Psyllid) कीट और उनके प्रबंधन  Psyllids pests are major problem in fruit crops under Indian subcontinent. Psyllids pests feeds phloem sap form plants, belongs to series Sternorryncha of suborder Homoptera. The group comprises over 3000 species of psyllids in 235 recognised genera, distributed worldwide. Super family Psylloidea comprises 6 families viz., Psyllidae, Calophyidae, Phacopteronidae, Homotomidae, Carsidaridae and Triozide. Psyllids are free living and 15 per cent of known species of psyllids are gall inducers. Life cycle of psyllids involves an egg stage, five nymphal instars before becoming adult. Basic characters of Psyllid pests Adult psyllids resemble miniature cicads, ranging in length from 1-10 mm Both sexes posses two pairs of wings, forewings with harder constitency than hind wings Beak is short and three segmented Five nymphal instars, wingless, possessing fore wing and hind wing pads. Nymphs produce white waxy secretions Psyllids are dioecious and at emergence the sexes normally occur in a ratio of 1:1. Male and female produces sex specific and species specific acoustic signals during mating Economically important as pest, vector and biocontrol agent Biology of Psyllids Eggs of Psyllids The eggs are generally brown to black in colour, 1 mm long and ovoid in shape, although colour, size, and shape can vary slightly between species. Each female lays between 45 and 700 eggs, either in clusters of approximately 10-150...

24 Dec

Posted at 07:03h in Crop Cultivation
Manoj Kundu 35 views

सिंघाड़ा के उत्पादन प्रौद्योगिकी Water chestnut (Trapa natans) is one of the most important minor fruit crops grown in India. It is an aquatic nut crop grown mainly in the tropical and sub-tropical region, as submersed plant community. It also thrives in the soft nutrient rich waters in lakes, ponds and streams with a neutral to slightly alkaline pH. The plant is well adapted to life at the water’s edge and prospers even when stranded along muddy shores. In India, it is most commonly used as edible nut. The kernel of water chestnut contains a large amount of protein (up to 20%), starch (52%), tannins (9.4%), fat (up to 1%), sugar (3%), minerals, etc. It is also a good source of fibre and vitamin B along with Ca, K, Fe and Zn. Varieties of chestnut: No standard variety of water chestnut is released till now. But nuts with different husk colour like green, red or purple and a blending of red and green colour are recognized. Kanpuri, Jaunpuri, Desi Large, Desi Small etc. are the names of some types of water chestnuts referred to the growers in West Bengal and other parts of eastern India. Propagation of chestnut: Propagation of the plant is commercially done by seeds. The fully mature nuts are placed in container with...

24 Dec

Posted at 04:54h in Crop Cultivation
सतपाल बलौदा 10 views

High density or Intensive farming of Fruit trees भारतवर्ष में जनसंख्या वृध्दि के साथ साथ फल उत्पादन भी बढ़ रहा है, लेकिन फल उत्पादन में द्वितीय स्थान होने के बावजूद भी प्रति व्यक्ति फलों की उपलब्धता केवल 80 ग्राम प्रतिदिन है। प्रति व्यक्ति फलों की उपलब्धता को बढ़ाने के लिए क्षेत्रफल का बढ़ाना बहुत ही मुश्किल काम है लेकिन फल उत्पादन को हम निम्न तरीके से बढ़ा सकते हैं जैसे अधिक उपज वाली किस्में लगाकर, समय के साथ कटाई, छंटाई व अन्य, फल वृक्षों की रोग तथा किटाणुओं के प्रति प्रबन्धन तथा सघन खेती से भी हम फल उत्पादन बढ़ा सकते हैं। सघन खेती से हमारा अभिप्राय किसी क्षेत्र में फल वृक्षों की संख्या बढ़ाना है जिससे हमें अधिक फल उत्पादन मिल सके। सघन खेती में फल वृक्ष की शाखाओं का क्षेत्र कम करते हैं क्योंकि फल वृक्षों में मुख्यत: बाहरी एक मीटर तक की शाखाओं पर ही फल आते हैं। फल वृक्षों में टहनियों का धन्तव ज्यादा होने के कारण एक मीटर से अन्दर का बहुत क्षेत्र फल रहित रह जाता हैं क्योंकि वृक्ष के अन्दर वाले क्षेत्र में सूर्य की किरणें नहीं पहुंच पाती। इसलिए छोटे वृक्षों में फल उत्पादित क्षेत्र ज्यादा होता है। सघन खेती के लिए ध्यान रखने योग्य बातें छोटी किस्म के फल वृक्षों को लगाना चाहिए फल वृक्षों में कम वृद्वि होनी...