26 Sep Nano-Bioformulations: A New Frontier in Sustainable Crop Protection
1. Introduction Nano-bioformulations are innovative delivery systems that bring together the principles of nanotechnology with biological components to enhance the effectiveness of drugs, biomolecules, and agrochemicals. At the nanoscale (1–100 nm), molecules behave differently compared to their bulk forms, showing enhanced stability, solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery. These unique properties make nano-bioformulations a powerful tool in modern science, especially in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. The idea of working at the nanoscale was first envisioned by physicist Richard Feynman in 1959, who suggested that manipulating matter at the atomic level could open new scientific possibilities. 2. Types of Nano Bioformulations 2.1 Nanoparticles (NPs): Tiny solid particles (1–100 nm) made of polymers, lipids, or metals that are able to encapsulate drugs or biomolecules, protecting them from degradation and allowing slow, controlled release. Example: PLGA nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery. 2.2 Nanoemulsions: Stable mixtures of oil and water at the nanoscale, stabilised by surfactants, can improve the solubility of hydrophobic compounds and are widely used in food, agriculture, and cosmetics. Example: Neem oil nanoemulsion for pest control. 2.3 Liposomes: Bilayered phospholipid spherical vesicles can mimic cell membranes and can carry both water-soluble (inside core) and fat-soluble (within bilayer) molecules. Example: Liposomal vitamin C for enhanced absorption. 2.4 Polymeric Nanocarriers: Biodegradable polymers such as chitosan or PLGA can form nanospheres or nanocapsules. They are...