Agriculture Knowledge for Everyone

Organic farming

Bacterial fertilizers: A cheap and best source of nutrient management फसल उत्पादन मे पोषक तत्वों का महत्वपूर्ण स्थान है, इनकी आपूर्ति के लिए रासायनिक उर्वरक, देसी खाद, जीवाणु खाद, कम्पोस्ट आदि का उपयोग मुख्य रूप से किया जाता है ι उर्वरको की बढ़ती कीमतें, माँग एवं पूर्ति के बीच का अंतर, छोटे व सीमान्त किसानो की सीमित क्रय शक्ति एवं ऊर्जा की कमी जैसे महत्वपूर्ण पहलुओं के कारण आवश्यक है कि पादप पोषण के कुछ ऐसे सार्थक एवं सस्ते वैकल्पिक स्त्रोत हो जो सस्ता होने के साथ-साथ पर्यावरण प्रदूषक भी न हो। ऐसे मे जीवाणु खाद को नकारा नहीं जा सकता है ι आज पूरे विश्व मे जैविक खेती को रासायनिक खेती का विकल्प माना जा रहा है ι साठ के दशक मे हरित क्रांति के फलस्वरूप अन्न उत्पादन मे देश आत्मनिर्भर हुआ परन्तु इसके दुष्परिणाम भी सामने आये जैसे मृदा मे कार्बनिक पदार्थों कि मात्रा मे कमी, मृदा क्षारियता, मृदा उर्वरता मे गिरावट, रसायनो के अवशेष के फलस्वरूप मृदा, जल एवं वायु प्रदूषण तथा मानव स्वास्थ्य पर विपरीत प्रभाव ι इन सभी समस्याओ से छुटकारा पाने का एक मात्र उपाय जैविक खेती ही है ι जैविक खेती मे पोषक तत्व प्रबंधन करने के लिए किसानो को विभिन्न प्रकार की जैविक खाद (केंचुआ खाद, गोबर की खाद, कम्पोस्ट, हरी खाद, फसल अवशेष आधारित खाद...

उत्तर-पश्चिमी और उत्तर-पूर्वी पहाड़ियों के अंतर्गत आलू उत्पादकता बनाए रखने के लिए जैव उर्वरक Biofertilizers can play an important role in potato crop which has higher nutrients need because of its sparse root system.  The acidic hill soils of north western and north eastern hills have P fixing problem, thus it becomes imperative to adopt environment friendly approaches through integrated use of bio-fertilizers, chemical fertilizers and organic manures in right proportion for ensuring optimum potato yield. Nitrogen bio-fertilizers enhance the soil N availability by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen into plant usable-N by symbiotic or non-symbiotic fixation, whereas, P solubilizing bacteria (PSB) or fungi from phosphate bio-fertilizers produce organic acids which in release soluble P from native or insoluble P form of organic P and phosphate minerals. Bio-fertilizers refer to living organisms capable of augmenting plant nutrient supplies through use of renewable resources. They can be broadly classified as nitrogen or phosphorus bio-fertilizers. In potato, mainly non symbiotic N fixer, PSB and plant growth promoting bacteria have been found beneficial in rainfed, particularly in hills. In these ecosystems, potato is cultivated during summer season and soils contain high organic matter. These soils are acidic in nature and therefore, more P fixation take place into insoluble compound of Al and Fe ions.  The use of...

गोभी वर्गीय फसलों का जैवि‍क उत्‍पादन  Cole crops are a group in Brassicaceae that includes varieties of the species Brassica oleracea such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts found in the Mediterranean region. Cole crops are high in carotenoids, vitamins C and A, calcium, iron, magnesium, and contain synergrin alkaloid. Isothiocyanates are biologically active compounds that are of considerable interest to farmers because of their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, nematodes, and weeds in a process known as biofumigation. The number of crops in this family, their nutritional qualities, health benefits, compatibility in planting rotations, and pest suppressive qualities make these crops an excellent choice for many organic farmers. Varietal selection for organic cultivation of Cole crop: Factors influencing selection of varieties include market demands, disease resistance, suitability to production systems, and regional adaptability. Diseases/ pest   Resistant varieties Black leg Cabbage- Pusa Drum Head Club root Cabbage- Badger Shipper Cabbage mosaic Cabbage- Badger Market, Badger Ballhead Sclerotinia rot Cabbage- MR-1Cauliflower-  Janavaon Ewawh, Pusa Snowball K-2 S Black rot  Cabbage- Green Land Hammer, Pusa Muktha, MidoreCauliflower- Pusa Shubra, Golden Acre, late gaintBroccoli- Solo Head Black spot or curd blight Cauliflower- Pusa shubra Cabbage butterfly Cabbage- Green Acre, Red Rock, Red pickling Nutrient Management: Raised nursery beds of 2 x 1.5 m were prepared and 10 kg FYM was mixed in the soil. Seeds are sown in lines 5...

मि‍र्च की जैवि‍क खेती करने की वि‍धि‍।  Organic farming is a crop production method respecting the rules of the nature. It maximizes the use of on farm resources and minimizes the use of off-farm resources.  It is a farming system that seeks to avoid the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In organic farming, entire system i.e. plant, animal, soil, water and micro-organisms are to be protected. Climate for Chilly cultivation: Chilli requires a warm and humid climate for its best growth and dry weather during the maturation of fruits. A temperature ranging from 20-25°C is ideal for chilli. In chilli fruit development adversely affected at temperatures of 37°C or more. Heavy rainfall leads poor fruit set and in association with high humidity leads to rotting of fruits. High temperature & low relative humidity increases the transpiration during flowering resulting in shedding of buds, flowers and small fruits. Land Preparation of Chilly cultivation: Land is prepared to a fine tilth by thorough ploughing / digging. Two to three ploughing are done to bring the soil to fine tilth. Stones and gravel are to be removed.  In case of direct sowing, three to four ploughing are undertaken and sowing is done along with the last ploughing. The soil can be treated with Azatobacter or Azospirillum @ 1-1.25...

सब्‍जी फसलों का जैविक उत्पादन It is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Organic farming combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.  As a component of organic agriculture, organic vegetable farming promotes and enhances natural diversity and biological cycles on the farmrather than relying on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming is based on making the farm self-sufficient and sustainable. Organic movement began in the 1930s and 1940s as a reaction to agriculture's growing reliance on synthetic fertilizers.Sir Albert Howard, “An Agriculture Testament” (1943) is widely considered to be the “father of organic farming”. Basic principles of organic farming are: It should sustain and enhance the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet. It should be based on living ecology system and cycles, work with them, emulate them and sustain them. It should build on relationship that ensures fairness with regard to the common environment and life opportunities. It should be equipped in a precautionary and responsible manner to protect the health and well being of current and future generation and environment. Why...

मूली की जैविक खेती के लिए उत्पादन तकनीक। Radish is a vegetable rich in Vit C and supplies a variety of minerals. It contains glucose, pectin, pentosans, and isothiocynates3. It is used as vegetable, and as medicine Season: It grows best in cool to moderate climate. During hot weather, roots become tough and pungent before reaching full size. Soil: Best results are obtained on light friable loam soil. For early crop, sandy or sandy loams are preferred while in summer moist soil gives best result. Heavy soils produce misshapen roots with a number of small fibrous laterals. Varieties The varieties commonly used in Hosur area are: Pusa chetkiPusa himaniArka NishantPusa Chetki short Stage I - Land preparation Prepare soil thoroughly with no clods. Soil should not contain any un decomposed organic matter, as it will lead to forking.. Prevent water logging, as it will lead to collar rot. Stage II - Seeds and sowing Season: Cultivation can be done throughout the year. Favorable season in Hosur area is September to November. Sow seeds every 15-20 day interval for a continuous supply of tender fresh roots. Seed rate: 9-12 Kg/Ha Seed treatment: Treat seeds first with Trichoderma 4gm/Kg of seeds the night before planting and dry in shade.. Next morning coat the treated seeds with bio-fertilizer slurry (Azotobacter 200 gm+200 gm Phospho bacteria+200 Gm K mobiliser) before planting. Sow the...

सेम की फली की जैविक खेती के लिए उत्पादन तकनीक  Field bean (Dolichos lablab var lignosus) is grown throughout India. Its green pods are used as vegetable and dry seeds as pulse. The foliage of crop provides hay, silage and green manure.Heavy use of pesticides has made many pests resistant to the pesticides used. High cost of chemical inputs has also made cultivation unviable. Research studies for the organic cultivation of field beans by TSSCRT have resulted in standardization of practices in cultivation of Field Beans. Season:  Field Beans can be grown from Sept-Feb. Some varieties are sensitive to photoperiods. It is primarily a cool season crop. Fruiting starts with onset of winter( Dec) and continues into spring( March). During the dry season, irrigation is necessary. It requires a cool chilly period for best quality development. Soil: It requires a neutral pH range of 5.5 - 6 and cannot tolerate acidic or alkaline soils. Medium textures soils such as silt loam or clay loams are best suited for field bean cultivation. Variety The varieties commonly used in Hosur area are local varieties Stage I - Land preparation Plough field with soil turning plough followed by one or two harrowings. Finally, level the field to a fine tilth.Maintain optimum moisture at the time of sowing for increased germination.Avoid soil compaction...

स्थायी कृषि के लिए दानेदार फलीयॉं या दालें Grain legumes, also known as pulses, are plants belonging to the family Leguminasae, which are grown primarily for their edible grains or seeds. These seeds are harvested mature and marketed dry, to be used as food or feed. Traditionally the system of using legumes as the norm routine diet dates back to ancient times in India. India is largest producer of pulses in the world with 25 per cent share in global production. Chickpea, pigeonpea, mungnean, uradbean, lintil, and fieldpea are important pulses crop contributing 39 per cent, 21 per cent, 11 per cent, 10 per cent, 7 per cent and 5 per cent to the total production of pulses in the country. The total production was estimated 14.56 million tonnes and an area of 23.63 million hectares with average productivity 616 kg/ha (MOSPI, 2008-09) (Fig. 1). In recent years, price of legumes has been increasing drastically forcing small scale farmers to take up the crop at least for home consumption. These plants have the advantage of fixing atmospheric nitrogen for their own needs and for soil enrichment, thereby reducing the cost of fertilizer inputs in crop farming.   Figure 1. Area, Production and productivity of Pulses in India Nitrogen Fixation: Legumes form a symbiotic association with...