भारत में उपयोग की जाने वाली उपग्रह आधारित आधुनिक मछली पकड़ने की तकनीक
The location of the fishing grounds and the efficiency of the effort play crucial roles in fishery management. Fishing location data have been used to identify and delineate fishing grounds, improve stock assessments, estimate fishing efforts, and evaluate the impact of exclusion interventions in redistributing maritime activities.
Because the sensors and loggers have been more economical with superb resolution and high accuracy, a GPS tracker and a GPS logger have been well developed and allow a wide range of applications in various areas.
Created for fishery regulation and enforcement, satellite-based vessel monitoring systems (VMS) offer potentially valuable source data on the spatial and temporal patterns of trawling activity at various scales.
Global nighttime satellite images offer an alternative source of spatial data for fisheries that use lights to attract shoaling fish. A network of 24 satellites called the GPS, orbits the planet at a distance of 12000 nautical miles.
New technologies in fisheries sector
MCS (Monitoring, Control, and Surveillance) is now a required component of fisheries management as well as fishing activities.
Collaboration and non-collaborative methods will be differentiated in order to comprehend the incentives and actions prompted through MCS.
The primary distinction is that cooperative techniques depend on the captain of the ship's desire to use the system. A captain may disable their AIS or VMS equipment, for instance, however, they run the danger of being fined.
Non-collaborative MCS methods rely on technologies including satellite pictures, where captains have no discretion in over-reporting the date, time, or location of fishing operations because these are tracked by satellites.
Vessel Monitoring Systems (VMS)
VMS was initially a satellite-based technology which regularly gave fisheries authorities with information on the time-stamped position, course, as well as speed of vessels (every two hours or 12 times per day).
Automatic Identification System (AIS)
The ship-reporting system AIS relies on transmissions made by ships outfitted with transponders. It was created largely by Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) as a device promoting maritime safety to prevent ship accidents as well as a way for coastal areas to learn about the vessels that are sailing close to their shores. Using a very high frequency (VHF) transmitter, AIS transponders transmit and receive signals that are relayed to receivers on some other vessels or even to systems on land. By sending and receiving regular communications about their identity and course, vessels can avoid collisions and navigate safely in low visibility.
Electronic Logbook or ERS
Electronic Recording and Reporting System (ERS) is commonly referred to as E-Logbook, in comparison with former paper-based logbooks. E-logbook data (logs records) contribute to better management of fish stocks by keeping track of catches (origin and volume) and gear used.
Smartphone for monitoring VMS or AIS data
A fourth category of collaborative tools is using Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) smartphones with VMS transceivers to collect data from fishing vessels and transmit this data to satellite operators to feed customers’ databases. Such data is then available to be used for monitoring information. The owner of a fishing vessel can now monitor it without even being aboard. Some satellite operators provide software that shows vessel location, Estimated Time of Arrival, or the course over the last 24 hours. This is done without a direct connection to the satellite network, using GSM (3G or 4G) with a specific subscription and transceiver with the satellite operator. In a similar manner, AIS information as well as meteorological data may both be seen on tablets and smartphones.
Satellite-based monitoring and fishing methods
Planning and management for maritime fisheries must include surveillance as well as mapping of fishing activity. Fishing location data have been used to identify and delineate fishing grounds, improve stock assessments, estimate fishing efforts, and evaluate the impact of exclusion interventions in redistributing maritime activities.
Global nighttime satellite images offer an alternative source of spatial data for fisheries that use lights to attract shoaling fish. Satellite photos taken at night can be utilized to identify the powerful lights used in these fishing techniques.
Maritime applications of nighttime satellite products include mapping light pollution in marine protected areas, mapping offshore petroleum gas flares, boat detection, and tracking, fish habitat suitability mapping, estimating fishing effort and intensity for single species fisheries, and mapping of current and predicted potential fishing areas/zones.
Data from nighttime satellite images can also be used to monitor and identify illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing activities such as intrusions into restricted or no-fishing zones (Geronimo et al. 2018).
Global positioning system (GPS)
A network of 24 satellites called the GPS orbits the planet at a distance of 12000 nautical miles. All areas of GPS technology have experienced significant growth, making it possible to produce high-resolution GPS signal receivers and position transmitters at much more competitive prices. Numerous motor vehicles, such as cars and motorcycles, as well as for managing the transportation of individuals or commodities, use GPS tracker applications (transportation and expedition).
Remote sensing
Several techniques for remote sensing can be employed to enhance, substitute, or complement visual observation. It is possible to modify photography to capture observable interactions among fish, whether they are captured manually, automatically, or remotely. Implementations of data to television have yielded insightful knowledge on the effectiveness of submerged fishing equipment. Turbidity obviously has a limitation on both underwater photographs as well as submerged broadcasting.
Fish can be detected using a variety of remote sensing technologies, from simple trout wire detecting (with such a steady hand on a fine, strong wire, fish can be detected as they move slowly through a school), to echo sounding (vertical sound signals), echo ranging (direction variable sonar), light beam disruptions (electronic eye), or light wave-length assimilation (infrared sensing), to extremely advanced hydro-acoustic data processing devices.
Although most implementations of this type of detecting necessitate the identification of the specific species of fish implicated, it could also be used to estimate the abundant supply of environmental groups of species, such as fish that concentrate near the surface or in thermoclines, middle zones, bottom, as well as littoral zones.
The development of acoustic telemetry applications for fish has allowed the expansions of tracking functionalities to monitoring physiological indicators such as skin temperature as well as heart rhythm, amongst many others (Eyo and Akpati, 2016).
It has also been revealed that trying to locate fish for acquisition based on their thermal preference can be accomplished using a "thermometric fish finder" (Eyo and Akpati, 1995).
Conclusion
Novel fishing techniques are used for fish capture from natural resources. It is a very beneficial technique to identify specific fish locations.
Spatial capture data is one of the requirements for sustainable food production, therefore it is important to thoroughly investigate how fishing affects both fish habitat and fish populations.
In India human population is day by day increasing, so requires food security for the human population. In contrast, several novel fishing techniques are used for more catching of fish from the fishing ground.
Authors:
Sahil1, Jham Lal2*, Shivbhajan and Suparna Deb
1College of Fisheries, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab-141004, India
2College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura-799210, India
*Corresponding Author: