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23 Oct

Posted at 09:25h in Miscellaneous
Prof. Sevak A 1,915 views

कृषि स्रोतों से उत्सर्जि‍त ग्रीनहाउस गैसों का शमन  Word agriculture contributes about 4% to total carbon dioxide emission, the most important green house gas. Factor such as soil texture, temperature, moisture, PH, available C and N influence Co2 emission from soil. The rate of Co evaluation is greater from clay-loam soil, which has highest organic C content than sandy soil, more Co2 emission occurs from a tilled than from an undisturbed soil (no till) . Temperature has a marked effect on Co2 evolution from soil by influencing root  and soil respiration and on CH4 by affecting anaerobic carbon mineralization and methanogenic activity.  Methane is about 20 times more effective than co2 as a heat trapping gas. Primary sources of methane from agriculture include animal digestion processes, wetland, paddy cultivation as well as manures storage and handling. In ruminant animals methane is produce as a by- product of the digestion of feed in the rumen of cattle under anaerobic conditions. Methane is also produced during manure management when animal waste is shared in anaerobic conditions and left to decompose in the field. Anaerobic conditions develop in wetland rice fields, which limit the transport of oxygen into the soil, and the microbial activities render the water- saturated soil practically devoid of oxygen. The biogenic methane results...

03 Oct

Posted at 05:35h in Miscellaneous
Yogender Singh 4,505 views

ताजे फल और सब्जियों की परिपक्वता और गुणवत्ता पहलुओं की वि‍वेचना Fruits and vegetables, being a rich source of essential nutrients, are generally important in our diet for their high content of fibers, vitamins and minerals. However, they contain a very high percentage of their fresh weight as water and consequently exhibit relatively high metabolic activity which continues post harvest and makes most fruits highly perishable commodities. It is this perishability and inherent short shelf life that presents greatest problem for the successful transportation and marketing of fresh fruits. The principles dictating at which stage of maturity a fruit or vegetable should be harvested are crucial to its subsequent storage and marketable life and quality. It is that stage of development, which ensures proper ripening. Maturity of fruit and vegetable can be defined as two type namely physiological maturity (The stage of development when a plant part will continue development even if detached; mature fruits) and horticultural maturity (The stage of development when a plant part possesses the necessary characteristics for use by consumers). The stages of maturity for a fruit consists of immature, color turn, ripe, overripe and senescence and for vegetables are immature, mature and over-mature. Maturation is indicative of the fruit being ready for harvest. At this point, the edible...

18 Aug

Posted at 06:27h in Miscellaneous
RK Gothwal 2,837 views

फल और सब्जियां: मानव रोगों के खिलाफ जैविक हथियार A man’s health is a very important aspect of his life. To say that “health is wealth” is not only to utter an old saying, but it means for most human beings, that staying fit and healthy is parallel to being wealthy. The person’s everyday life is influenced mainly by the state of his mind and body, especially by the presence and absence of certain diseases. People go through various efforts to stay fit, maintain good health, and ensure their longevity. These include engaging in fitness training, eating balanced and healthy diet, maintaining ideal weight, and stress management. Poor health is caused by different factors, such as poor eating habits, lack of exercise, stress, smoking and excessive alcohol intake. Poor diet mean excessive or deficient nutrient intake, which affects the body’s normal functions. These nutrients are necessary for body growth, metabolism, and other functions. There are about six nutrients, which are needed by the human body. These are: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, and water. Fruits and vegetables play a vital role in human health by providing carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fat, enzymes, fiber, water and certain specific compounds which are essential for normal body function. Fruits and vegetables can also be called as organic weapon to fight with many serious...

08 Aug

Posted at 08:56h in Miscellaneous
एस.एल.यादव 3,395 views

Mulberry silkworm rearing : mean of livelihood मलबरी रेशमकीट को विभिन्न जलवायु स्थितियों में पाला जा सकता है और मलबरी पेड विस्तृत क्षेत्र वाली मिट्टी में उगाया जा सकता है। बेहतर पद्धतियों को अपनाकर मलबरी रेशमकीट कोकुन की अच्छी उपज प्राप्त की जा सकती है। लेकिन इसके लिए अधिक ऊपज देने वाली मलबरी की उत्तम किस्म की पत्ती का होना आवश्यक शर्त है। रेशमकीट का पालन लार्वा अवधि के दौरान पाँच विभिन्न चरणों से होते हुए होती है। लार्वा अवधि में उसे विशेष रूप से निर्मित रेशमकीट पालन शेड में रखा जाता है। साथ ही, उच्च कोटि का रेशम प्राप्त करने के लिए उचित समय पर प्रबंध और गहन देखभाल की जाती है। मलबरी कृषि और रेशमकीट पालन की सर्वोत्तम पद्धतियाँ पूरे पालन अवधि के दौरान रेशमकीट को काफी सावधानी पूर्वक देखभाल की जाती है और उसके भोजन के लिए उत्तम किस्म के मलबरी पत्ते का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। बेहतर वातावरण का निर्माण और कृमि व बीमारियों से रक्षा इनके पालन की अन्य आवश्यक शर्त्ते हैं। रेशमकीट के लिए अनुकूल स्थितियाँ प्रदान करने के लिए एक अलग से पालनघर और पालन उपकरण व साधनों की आवश्यकता होती है। एक साल में 5 से 10 फसलों का पालन किया जा सकता है और प्रत्येक फसल की जीवन अवधि लगभग 70-80 दिनों की होती है। 1....

20 May

Posted at 11:09h in Miscellaneous
Alok Gora 15,477 views

Bio-Gas Plant: Energry source of rural India भारत में लगभग 250 लाख पशुधन है  जिनसे लगभग 1200 लाख टन अपशिष्ट पदार्थ का उत्पादन होता है । आम तौर पर  इस पशुधन अपशिष्ट का उपयोग खाना पकाने के ईंधन के रूप में ग्रामीण परिवारों द्वारा किया जाता है, लेकिन अभी भी पशुधन अपशिष्ट को ग्रामीणों द्वारा पूर्ण रूप से उपयोग में नहीं लिया जा रहा है ओर अपशिष्ट का एक बहुत बड़ा हिस्सा व्यर्थ हो जाता है । जो कि  बायोगैस संयंत्र द्वारा प्रभावी रूप से संसाधित (Processed) किया जा सकता है | बायोगैस संयंत्र एक ऐसा संयंत्र है जो पशुधन अपशिष्ट का कुशलतापूर्वक प्रबंधन करता है ओर साथ ही साथ ग्रामीण भारत के लिए ऊर्जा का उत्पादन करता है । बायो गैस (Bio-Gas) बायोगैस ऊर्जा के वैकल्पिक स्रोत के रूप में लोकप्रिय है ।बायोगैस (Biogas) वह गैस मिश्रण है जो आक्सीजन की अनुपस्थिति में जैविक सामग्री के विघटन से उत्पन्न होती है। यह सौर ऊर्जा और पवन ऊर्जा की तरह ही नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा स्रोत है। यह पशुओं और स्थानीय रूप से उपलब्ध अपशिष्ट पदार्थों से पैदा की जा सकती है। जो विशेष रूप से ग्रामीण क्षेत्रो में खाना पकाने और प्रकाश व्यवस्था के लिए ऊर्जा की आपूर्ति को पूरा करता है, साथ ही बायोगैस तकनीकी अवायवीय पाचन (anaerobic digestion) के बाद उच्च गुणवत्ता  वाला खाद प्रदान करता है जो कि सामान्य उर्वरक की...

14 May

Posted at 10:24h in Miscellaneous
13 views

भारत में सूरजमुखी का एक सिंहावलोकन Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is one of the few crop species that originated in North America. It was probably first introduced to Europe through Spain, and spread through Europe as a curiosity until it reached Russia where it was readily adapted. The high-oil lines from Russia were reintroduced into the U.S. after World War II, which rekindled interest in the crop. Production of sunflower subsequently increased in the Great Plains of United States as marketers found new uses for the seeds as an oil crop, a birdseed crop, and as a human snack food. In India, sunflower as an oilseed crop introduced in 1969, prior to which it was used as an ornamental plant (Wikipedia). Six states with Karnataka in the lead are the major producers of sunflower in the country. Karnataka with a production of 3.04 lakh tonnes from an area of 7.94 lakh hectares followed by Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Orissa and Tamil Nadu are major sunflower producing states of India (Fig 1). Sunflower production follows a systemic weather risk as about 80 per cent of the area is under rain-fed production. In terms of productivity, Bihar leads with 1402 kg/ha followed by Tamil Nadu with 1328.7 kg, although both the states have less...

30 Apr

Posted at 08:34h in Miscellaneous
J. Kaul 3,306 views

देश के भोजन और पोषण संबंधी सुरक्षा के लिए गुणवत्ता प्रोटीन मक्का के एकल क्रॉस संकर। Maize is an important coarse grain cereal crop of India accounting for ca 8.5% to the food basket (Anonymous, 2010). With its high carbohydrates, fats, proteins, some of vitamins and minerals, it is nutritious for human consumption, and is hence termed as nutricereal. Maize grain is also used as an important ingredient of feed for cattle, poultry, pig or fish meals. The maize grain on an average, contains 14.9 % moisture, 11.1 % protein, 3.6 % fat, 2.7 % fibre, 66.2 % other carbohydrates and 1.5% minerals (National Institute of Nutrition, 2002). The kernel protein is made up of five different fractions, viz. albumin 7 %, globulin 5 %, non-protein nitrogen 6 %, prolamine 52 % and glutelin 25 % and the left over 5 % is residual nitrogen. The protein quality is considered poor due to the presence of large concentrations of an alcohol soluble protein fraction called "prolamine" also known as 'Zein' in the endosperm. Zein , deficient in two essential amino acids, viz lysine and tryptophan, contributes 50 - 70 % of the total protein, due to this obvious reason the protein of maize grain is low in lysine and tryptophan. On the...

30 Apr

Posted at 07:06h in Miscellaneous
Subodh Agarwal 4,467 views

भारत में बागवानी क्षेत्र का विकास The horticulture sector encompasses a wide range of crops e.g., fruit crops, vegetable crops, potato and tuber crops, ornamental crops, medicinal and aromatic crops, spices and plantation crops. India, with its wide variability of climate and soil, is highly favourable for growing a large number of horticultural crops. It is the fastest growing sector within agriculture. It contributes in poverty alleviation, nutritional security and have ample scope for farmers to increase their income and helpful in sustaining large number of agro-based industries which generate huge employment opportunities. Presently horticulture contributes 28 per cent of agricultural GDP. The national goal of achieving 4.0 per cent growth in agriculture can be achieved through major contribution from horticulture growth. Current Scenario After the Green Revolution in mid-sixties, it became clear that horticulture, for which the Indian topography and agro climate are well suited, is the best option. India has emerged as the largest producer of mango, banana and cashew and second largest producer of fruits & vegetables in the world. The most significant development that happened in the last decade is that horticulture has moved from rural confines to commercial production and this changing scenario has encouraged private sector investment in production system management. The last decade has seen technological infusion...