Agriculture Knowledge for Everyone

Organic farming

 भूमि की उत्‍पादन क्षमता बढाने में जैव उर्वरकों का महत्‍व रासायनिक उर्वरकों के प्रयोग से उपज में वृद्धि तो होती है परन्‍तू अधिक प्रयोग से मृदा की उर्वरता तथा संरचना पर भी प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पडता है इसलिए रासायनिक उर्वरकों (Chemical fertilizers) के साथ साथ जैव उर्वरकों (Bio-fertilizers) के प्रयोग की सम्‍भावनाएं बढ रही हैं। जैव उर्वरकों के प्रयोग से फसल को पोषक तत्‍वों की आपूर्ति होने के साथ मृदा उर्वरता भी स्थिर बनी रहती है। जैव उर्वकों का प्रयोग रासायनिक उर्वरकों के साथ करने से रासायनिक उर्वकों की क्षमता बढती है जिससे उपज में वृद्धि होती है।  जैव उर्वक क्‍या हैं:  जैव उर्वरक जीवणू खाद है। खाद मे मौजूद लाभकारी शुक्ष्‍म जीवाणू (bactria) वायूमण्‍डल मे पहले से विद्धमान नाईट्रोजन को पकडकर फसल को उपलब्‍ध कराते हैं और मिट्टी में मौजूद अघुलनशील फास्‍फोरस (insolulable phosphorus) को पानी में घुलनशील बनाकर पौधों को देते हैं। इस प्रकार रासायनिक खाद की आवश्‍यकता सीमित हो जाती है।वैज्ञानिक प्रयोगों द्वारा यह सिद्ध किया जा चुका है कि जैविक खाद के प्रयोग से 30 से 40 किलो ग्राम नाइट्रोजन प्रति हैक्‍टेयर भूमि को प्राप्‍त हो जाती है तथा उपज 10 से 20 प्रतिशत तक बढ जाती है। अत: रासायनिक उर्वकों को थोडा कम प्रयोग करके बदले में जैविक खाद का प्रयोग करके फसलो की भरपूर उपज पाई जा सकती है।...

वर्मीकम्पोस्ट - खाद या उर्वरकों की रानी  Vermicompost is an organic manure (bio-fertilizer) produced as the vermicast by earth worm feeding on biological waste material; plant residues. Vermi casts are popularly called as 'Black gold'. This compost is an odorless, clean, organic material containing adequate quantities of N, P, K and several micronutrients essential for plant growth. Vermicompost is a preferred nutrient source for organic farming, which enriches soil quality by improving its physicochemical and biological properties. It is eco-friendly, non-toxic, consumes low energy input for composting and is a recycled biological product. Vermicompost is becoming popular as a major component of organic farming system. Base materials required for Vermi composting: Crop residues ,tree leaves and animal dung are the the basic materials required.Agricultural wastes like sugarcane trash,weeds hedge cuttings ,saw dust, coir waste,paddy husk, cattle dung, effluent slurry, from bio-gas plant, excreta of sheep, horse , pig, poultry droppings (in small quantity) and vegetable wastes are ideal food for earth worms. City garbage or even biodegradable organic sludge, a waste product from ETP of any industry can also be used for feeding worms. Selection of species: There are different species of earthworms viz. Eisenia foetida (Red earthworm), Eudrilus eugeniae (night crawler), Perionyx excavatus etc. Red earthworm is preferred because of its high multiplication rate and thereby...

बायोफर्टीलाइजर के प्रकार और उनकेे प्रयोग की वि‍धि‍ 'Biofertilizer' is a substance which contains living microorganism which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.Biofertilizers are not fertilizers. Fertilizers directly increase soil fertility by adding nutrients. Biofertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing Phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth promoting substances. Biofertilizers can be grouped in different ways based on their nature and function. S. No. Groups Examples Nitrogen (N2)  fixing Biofertilizers 1   Free-living   Azotobacter, Clostridium,  Anabaena, Nostoc, 2   Symbiotic   Rhizobium, Frankia, Anabaena azollae 3   Associative Symbiotic   Azospirillum P Solubilizing Biofertilizers 1   Bacteria   Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum   Bacillus circulans, Pseudomonas striata 2   Fungi   Penicillium sp, Aspergillus awamori P Mobilizing Biofertilizers 1   Arbuscular mycorrhiza   Glomus sp.,Gigaspora sp.,Acaulospora sp.,   Scutellospora sp. & Sclerocystis sp. 2   Ectomycorrhiza   Laccaria sp., Pisolithus sp., Boletus sp., Amanita sp. 3   Orchid mycorrhiza   Rhizoctonia solani Biofertilizers for Micro nutrients 1   Silicate and Zinc solubilizers   Bacillus sp.  Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria 1  Pseudomonas   Pseudomonas fluorescens  {loadposition hometop} Different types of biofertilizers: 1. Rhizobium - This belongs to bacterial group and the classical example is symbiotic nitrogen fixation. The bacteria infect the legume root and form root nodules within which they reduce molecular nitrogen to ammonia which is reality utilized by...

केंचुओं से कचरे का पुर्नचक्रण कैसे करें Chemical fertilisers have played a significant role in Indian agriculture. However, concentrated and continuous use of easily soluble chemical fertilisers disturbs soil health, leading to acidification, micro nutrient depletion, soil degradation, reduction in the activity of soil micro flora and micro- fauna, poor crop health and lower crop yields and quality.  In view of this, it is desirable that we may have to return to less resource demanding agricultural practices viewing the gaps in domestic production as also nutrient depletion estimates. In this direction, vermicomposting offers immense scope to small and marginal farmers in creating their own organic manurial resources and ways to generate alternative income. They can recycle organic wastes using earthworms to make vermicompost. Vermi - composting ‘Vermin’ stands for earthworm. The organic matter when subjected to decomposition with the help of earthworms the resultant product is ‘vermi compost’ and the process is known as vermicomposting. The product is the result of organic waste consumed by earthworm, digested and passed through gut and excreted in the form of granules. Iy is a mesophilic process, utilizing microorganisms and earthworms that are active at 10-32oC. the vermocompost is rich in microbial activity and plant growth regulators, and fortified with pest repellence attributes as well. Scope  From vermiculture, we...

Three types of mushrooms are grown commercially. Button mushroom, Oyster mushroom and Paddy straw mushroom. Among these, button mushroom is the most popular. All three types of mushrooms can be grown easily in any ventilated room or bed. बटन मशरूम कैसे उगाऐं   भारत जैसे देश में जहॉ की अधिकांश आबादी शाकाहारी है खुम्‍बी का महत्‍व पोषण की दृष्‍टी से बहुत अधिक हो गया है । यहां मशरूम का प्रयोग सब्‍जी के रूप में किया जाता है। भारत में खुम्‍बी उत्‍पादकों के दो समुह हैं एक जो केवल मौसम में ही इसकी खेती करते हैं तथा दूसरे जो सारे साल मशरूम उगाते हैं। मौसमी खेती मुख्‍यत: हिमाचल प्रदेश, जम्‍मू-कशमीर, उत्‍तर प्रदेश की पहाडीयों, उत्‍तर-पश्चिमी पहाडी क्षेत्रों , तमिलनाडु के पहाडी भागों में 2-3 फसलों के लिए तथा उत्‍तर पश्चिमी समतल क्षेत्रो में केवल जाडे की फसल के रूप में की जाती है। पूरे साल खुम्‍बी की खेती सारे देश में की जाती है। चंडीगढ, देहरादून, गुडगावा, उंटी, पूना, चेनई तथा गोवा के आसपास 200 से 5000 टन प्रतिवर्ष खुम्‍बी उगाने वाली निर्यातोन्‍मुखी ईकाठयां लगी हुई है। व्‍यवसायिक रूप से तीन प्रकार की खुम्‍बी उगाई जाती है। बटन (Button) खुम्‍बी, ढींगरी (Oyster) खुम्‍बी तथा धानपुआल या पैडीस्‍ट्रा (Paddy straw) खुम्‍बी। इनमे बटन खुम्‍बी सबसे ज्‍यादा लोकप्रि‍य है। तीनो प्रकार की खुम्‍बी को किसी भी हवादार कमरे या सेड में आसानी से उगाया जा सकता...

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers over the years without caring for maintaining the soil balance has become counterproductive. Scientists are getting concerned about the situation and suggesting to use bio-fertilizers and other organic manures in adequate quantities in order to maintain the soil balance. Farmers are now convinced about the important of organic manures but availability of the good quality organic manures is the problem. The vermi-compost production would be a viable option to produce the good quality compost in short time.  A growing number of individuals and institutions are taking interest in the production of compost utilizing earthworm activity. Krishi Vigyan Kendra-Jammu is giving free training for this technology to the farmers and field functionaries of the line departments. Vermicompost is produced as the vermi-cast by earth worms feeding on biological waste material and plant residues. This compost is an odour less, clean organic material containing adequate quantities of N, P, K and several micro-nutrients essential for plant growth. About 25-50 per cent of nitrogen can be reduced by adding 10 tones vermi-compost per hectare. It not only saves the cost of fertilizers but also increases the yield by 5-10 per cent. Besides higher concentration of available nutrients than the ordinary FYM, it has also been reported to enhance plants ability to fight...